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Mitsui & Co. Global Strategic Studies Institute Monthly Report February 2021 The appropriate scale for batteries is a small to medium storage capacity (up to 100MW1) and power storage time is up to several hours. Thermal energy storage, pumped-storage hydroelectricity, and hydrogen energy storage are able to store larger capacities (100-1,000MW) than batteries. The available storage time is evaluated to range from several hours to several days using pumped-storage hydroelectricity for storing surplus nuclear power at night, several hours to several days using thermal energy storage, and several days to several weeks using hydrogen energy storage. Heat storage, pumped storage, and hydrogen storage are considered to be suitable for long-term storage of large volumes of power. On the other hand, there are issues such as difficulty securing suitable sites for the construction of dams used for pumped storage, and concerns about the high cost of hydrogen because the technology is still in the development phase. Meanwhile, power generation using thermal energy storage has excellent features: Its system is able to store large volumes of power for extended periods and to be built using existing technologies, while having moderate geographical restrictions. It also has the potential to lower costs compared to hydrogen, which is also a promising form of power storage at the same scale. MECHANISM OF POWER GENERATION WITH THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE This section introduces the basic principles of thermal energy storage and the configuration of equipment using the thermal energy storage system under development by Siemens Gamesa as an example (Figure 4). Thermal energy storage is made up of three elemental technologies in the form of (1) “electrothermal conversion” converting electricity into heat, (2) “heat storage” storing heat, and (3) “thermoelectric conversion” converting heat into electricity. The Siemens Gamesa facility converts electricity into heat by using an electric heater to heat air, and the heated air is blown against the stone heat storage material (crushed igneous rock) to heat it. The stored heat is drawn out as heated air when necessary, used to create steam using a heat exchanger, and converted into electricity using a steam turbine. 1 MW (megawatts) are a unit of energy (power). 1MW indicates the power required by approximately 250 households. MWh indicates the amount of energy in MW units that can be supplied in one hour. Similarly, MJ (megajoules) and kcal (kilocalories) are also the amount of energy, where 1MWh=3,600MJ=860,000kcal. 3PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE DEVELOPING FOR A DECARBONIZED SOCIETY
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