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Mitsui & Co. Global Strategic Studies Institute Monthly Report February 2021 Even in other examples, industrial heaters that are widely used in petrochemical plants, etc. in the same was as Siemens in (1) “electrothermal conversion.” The heater uses the same principle as a dryer, which is the simple principle of heating air by passing it through an element heated by electricity. In (3) “thermoelectric conversion,” like Siemens, there are many cases using steam turbines commonly used in power plants. However, a variety of technologies are being developed for (2) “heat storage.” These can be generally categorized into the two methods of “sensible heat storage” storing heat in stone, bricks and molten salt, and “latent heat storage” using the heat stored in the phase transition from solid to liquid in chemical compounds and alloys (Figure 5). Figure 5. Overview of Heat Storage Methods Source: Prepared by Mitsui & Co. Global Strategic Studies Institute based on materials from the Institute of Applied Energy With sensible heat storage, heat storage using stone like in the example of Siemens Gamesa is under development, but heat storage using molten salt is already in practical application in concentrated solar power generation. The molten salt used for heat storage often uses a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. The fact that thermal energy storage is a comparatively cheap power storage method was mentioned above, and the nitrate salts used here are low-cost materials that are readily available. Nitrates are solid at room temperature, but become liquid at approximately 220°C, and can maintain liquid state up to 600°C. Using this property, heat can be stored between 200°C and 600°C. Figure 6 shows an image of power generation and heat storage using molten salt. Here, molten salt acts to repeatedly store heat and generate electricity through two tanks. When heating, molten salt is heated to 560°C using an electric heater and stored inside the tank. When generating power, the 560°C molten salt is used to generate steam through a heat exchanger, and a steam turbine generates electricity. When the temperature of the molten salt falls to 290°C after generating steam, it is reheated through the tank to store heat and the cycle is repeated. This technology is yet to be used for power storage of surplus renewables, but molten salt thermal energy storage directly using solar heat is in practical use (Figure 7). Meanwhile, latent heat storage is expected to be developed in the future because it stores more heat than sensible heat storage and the heat storage equipment can be made smaller. Heat Storage Method Overview of Technology Practical Examples Practical application in thermal energy storage Sensible heat storage Uses heat stored in a solid or liquid. (no phase transition) Use of the stored heat temperature difference of water, bricks, concrete, etc. Heating of bricks in furnaces, ceramic heating using waste gas from regenerative burners, etc. There have been results with liquid using molten salt (nitrate) in concentrated solar power generation. Solids are in development using stone (such as igneous rock), concrete, etc. Latent heat storage Solid⇔Liquid Uses heat stored in phase transition. Amount of heat storage is greater than sensible heat storage. No practical examples of heat storage using heat. There are examples of using storage of cold in ice made with power at night for cooling during the day. Under development. Applied research is being conducted on the phase transition of salt hydrates, paraffins, organic compounds, molten salt, and alloys. 4PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE DEVELOPING FOR A DECARBONIZED SOCIETY
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