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1. INTRODUCTION Global electric grids continue to integrate renewable energy resources alongside existing nuclear, coal, hydro, and natural gas generation. The influx of supply from solar and wind power has resulted in increased net demand variability on the grid. Selling electricity is becoming uneconomical for baseload plants as the clearing price of electricity, set by the low marginal cost of variable renewable suppliers, is pressured downward. Because renewable energy is often incentivized and thus allows for profitable operation even at negative selling prices, high penetrations of renewable energy can cause clearing prices to be very low or negative. This change in market dynamics requires a paradigm shift in the operations of baseload power plants to try to remain profitable. Baseload plants need to adapt to include either multi- market operations, power purchase agreements, or increase ramp rates to dodge times of low pricing and take advantage of high-priced moments. Given this new reality, interest in energy storage is increasing. Innovations in electrical, mechanical, chemical, electro-chemical and thermal energy storage technologies are under development globally in attempt to enhance economic viability of these technologies. Storage has long been viewed as the “Holy Grail” for grid stability and integration of variable renewable generators, yet high costs have kept it just out of reach. The Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) Integrated Energy Systems (IES) program, led by Idaho National Laboratory (INL), is conducting research on how to best integrate these energy storage technologies, particularly thermal energy storage technologies, with industrial heat producers (e.g., nuclear plants, coal plants, natural gas peakers) to ensure stability and economic viability. IES involve the design, integration, and coordinated operation of several complex, traditionally standalone systems. The control algorithms involved are unique to each application and the design of the components. IES architecture can include process steam applications, energy storage, and the presence of variable energy sources such as wind and solar, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Example architecture for Integrated Energy Systems. 1PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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