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As described previously, the goal of these systems is to operate as economically and efficiently as possible. For integrated energy parks that incorporate thermal storage, this means operating thermal generators at full power and storing excess energy for later use during times of low total demand and discharging that energy during times of high demand. To accommodate the vast array of possibilities introduced in integrated energy parks, INL has been developing a library of high-fidelity process models in the Modelica modeling language since early 2013 [1]–[4]. The Modelica language is a non-proprietary, object-oriented, equation-based language used to conveniently model complex, physical systems. Modelica is an inherently time-dependent modeling language that allows the swift interconnection of independently developed models. Being an equation- based modeling language that employs differential algebraic equation (DAE) solvers, users can focus on the physics of the problem rather than the solving technique, allowing faster model generation and, ultimately, analysis. This feature, alongside model flexibility, has led to the widespread use of the Modelica language across industry for commercial applications. System interconnectivity and the ability to quickly develop novel control strategies while still encompassing overall system physics is why INL has chosen to develop the IES framework in the Modelica language. Current models in the INL HYBRID repository include two tank sensible heat thermal-energy storage, reverse osmosis, four-loop light water cooled nuclear power plants, natural circulation small modular reactors, natural gas turbines, coal plants, high-temperature steam electrolysis, and switchyards. The models can be used to create and characterize system inertia, thermal losses, and efficiency of various integrated systems. These physical models help map physical performance into economic performance, allowing system-level optimization. In addition, these models are used to test innovative system-level control strategies of thermal generators interconnected with ancillary processes or thermal energy storage technologies. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2020 the IES program identified the need for further development of thermal energy storage models. This report elucidates the development of models for three new storage technologies: concrete, latent heat, and packed-bed thermocline storage systems. The models were implemented using the commercially available Modelica-based Modeling and Simulation (M&S) environment (i.e., a Dynamic Modeling Laboratory [Dymola] version 2021 FD01 [5]). In-house developed packages and open-source libraries were utilized to facilitate M&S. In particular, the Modelica standard library version 4.0 [6] and TRANSFORM [7] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) were employed. 2. CONCRETE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Concrete thermal energy storage (CTES) is a technology under development domestically and internationally with the goal of using common and relatively low-cost materials in new ways to store heat. Concrete and steel are widely used materials with well-understood fabrication methods even in unconventional shapes and sizes [8]. Concrete formulas are proprietary and designed with the specific needs of cyclic operation in mind. Designs are modular in nature to allow for custom system sizing based on the application. CTES operates as a sensible heat storage unit. The proposed fabrication method for concrete storage is to first create the steel piping heat-exchange structure, followed by setting the concrete storage structure over the steel infrastructure. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) then flows through the pipes for either heating or cooling purposes to charge or discharge the storage system. In concrete systems there are two main designs: single pipe and dual pipe. Each has its own applicability region and is highly HTF-specific. In single pipe configurations the fluid being used for both charge and discharge flows through the same pipe. In dual-pipe configurations there are separate pipes for both charge and discharge with a corresponding mass of concrete between them. Both operational capabilities have been proposed and tend to be HTF specific. The main obstacles to using a single set of pipes for both charging and discharging modes is the pressure shift between charging and discharging in water-steam HTF systems and that the HTF must be the same for both the charge and discharge. In air 2PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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