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temperatures will need to be large to provide a sufficient temperature difference to remove and insert heat. Both concrete models are built to interact within a Modelica thermofluid system via four fluid ports that match pressure with the outside fluid network connectors and match the mass flow rates and energy values at the connectors. The charging and discharging modes should be connected at their labeled inlet and outlet fluid nodes for these models. In the single-pipe model, the HTF must be identical between the two nodes. In the dual-pipe model, the HTF may be different between the two fluid pipes. 2.1.1 Single-Pipe Model After enforcing the spatially constant pressure and mass flow rate in each of the internal nodes, the conservation of energy equation within the fluid is described in equations (5) and (6). Conduction within the concrete is modeled with equation (7) at all nodes between 2 and J-1, and equation (8) at nodes 1 and J. The boundary heat term is either equal to the heat transfer in or out of the fluid or set to be adiabatic at the maximum radial location. The conduction within the concrete is taken between piping segments in steps of r. Figure 2. Simplified single-pipe concrete model illustration and annotation. The simplified nature of the model lends itself to faster simulation times, as the most computationally expensive component is the liquid heat transfer coefficient . The heat transfer coefficient must be calculated in five regions: laminar and turbulent single-phase liquid and vapor, and turbulent two-phase conditions. The Dittus-Boelter equation is used during single-phase turbulent conditions, while only a constant multiplied by the thermal conductivity of water is necessary during laminar conditions. During condensation, Nusselt’s condensation correlation is used. Due to the low pressure of the application modeled, the Kandlikar correlation is used during boiling [9] [10]. The Kandlikar correlation calculates a 4PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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