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nucleate boiling term and a forced convection boiling term and considers the overall boiling heat transfer value as the sum of the two terms. It is also used due to its computational efficiency relative to other boiling correlations such as the Chen correlation. In summary, the concrete TES is a simplified fluid pipe model that can import any fully developed Modelica fluid package and transfers heat in and out of a solid media whose properties are based on HEATCRETE® data [8]. The model uses a Nusselt correlation to condense the HTF, and the Kandlikar correlation to boil. Table 1. Single-pipe concrete test simulation parameters. Parameter Radial nodes Pipe inner diameter Pipe material Pipe & concrete length Charging pressure Value 5 0.07 m Stainless Steel 150 m 20 bar Axial nodes 9 Number of pipes 250 Pipe outer diameter 0.079 m Pipe thermal conductivity 15 W/(m-K) Concrete thickness 0.15 m Discharging pressure 1.1 bar The low-fidelity model has been implemented with a full reactor and secondary side fluid network and showed promising results during charging, nominal, and discharging conditions. 2.1.2 Dual-Pipe Model The primary modeling difference between the single-pipe and dual-pipe is the doubling of nearly all fluid calculations, still using the same assumptions on the mass flow rate and the single pressure value. Figure 3. Conceptual nodalization of double-pipe model. Fluid-concrete-fluid structure. Heat is conducted between the pipe surfaces through the concrete to cool one fluid and heat the other. The operation of this system is different from the single pipe model. Heat conducts into or out of the HTF in both pipes even when the fluid is not flowing. The system is capable of charging and discharging at the same time. ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑ Charging Pipe Concrete Node 1 ..2... ...3... ...4... ...5... ...6... Concrete Node 7 Discharging Pipe ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓ 5PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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