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Table 2. Dual-pipe test simulation parameters. Parameter Radial nodes Pipe inner diameter Pipe material Pipe & concrete length Charging pressure Value 7 0.07 m Stainless Steel 150 m 20 bar Axial nodes 9 Number of pipes 250 Pipe outer diameter 0.079 m Pipe thermal conductivity 15 W/(m-K) Concrete thickness 0.3 m Discharging pressure 1.1 bar 2.2 Concrete Model Results Comparison of results indicates that the two different concrete designs do exhibit some different behavior. In a dual-pipe configuration, the temperature gradient within the concrete always points (direction of heat flow) in a single direction from the charging pipe to the discharging pipe. In the single- pipe configuration, the temperature gradient points toward the concrete centerline during charging and toward the concrete surface during discharging. The difference in operation leads to higher power rates in single-pipe configurations than in the dual-pipe configuration. This is because in the dual-pipe model all the heat must conduct through the entire concrete structure, rather than being able to utilize a localized heat pocket near the surface, available to the single-pipe model. Figure 4 shows the testing model for the CTES in both single-pipe and dual-pipe configurations. Valves are periodically opened and closed to allow for three modes of operation: charging, discharging, and standby. Standby mode occurs when both valves are closed and there is no mass flow through the CTES. Charging occurs when the charging valve is opened and discharging occurs when the discharging valve is opened. Figure 4. Concrete model testing that allows for charging and discharging operations. 6PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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