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Figure 19 shows the temperature gradient during the example simulation. The concrete depth in this simulation was shallow enough that the concrete can reach a singular temperature radially. Achieving this temperature required a few hours in the simulation. Figure 19. Axial center radial temperatures in a single-pipe CTES. 2.4 Economic Values Concrete thermal energy storage is still nascent with regards to its commercialization. Identifying a single economic value for the technology is still somewhat convoluted. The largest piece of capital cost should be associated with the fabrication and material costs, which should be estimated to be roughly proportional to the system size. And while that would initially indicate that identifying a single $/m3 of construction would identify the system size, a sensible heat system is governed by the mass of the system, the material heat capacity, and the operational temperature change. Thus, the system cost (in $/kWht or in $/kWhe) is dependent on the specific material costs and on the system deployment and its specific temperature change. These details are not always reported when financial details are published by industry partners or by researchers, causing uncertainty in economic values. Storworks, previously Bright Energy, storage estimates that their system costs between 50-75 $/kWh [10][11]. A presentation given to INL in July 2019 indicated that two possible systems could be produced at 62 $/kWh [12]. The power costs of these two proposals were between 275-375 $/kW[13]. However, a lower would directly impact this cost. The round-trip efficiencies estimated by Storworks were 58% and 71%, values that were observed in INL modeling [13]. EnergyNest reports that their storage system costs approximately 25 $/kWh plus the local engineering, procurement, and construction costs [14]. EnergyNest began construction for their first steam-based thermal battery application in September of 2020 [14]. 14PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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