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2.5 Low-Fidelity Surrogate To facilitate some system estimation, a low-fidelity surrogate model was developed in Python for use with some of the IES simulation tools, such as HERON (Holistic Energy Resource Optimization Network) [15]. The low-fidelity model has the following structure. Input system conditions [all units in SI]: – mass flow rate during charge or discharge – inlet pressure – water temperature – concrete temperature – time step – specific heat of concrete -- specific heat of water – specific heat of saturated steam – thermal conductivity of concrete – density of the concrete convective heat transfer coefficient Geometry of concrete system available in python surrogate Using these physical properties, an effective heat transfer rate over the surface, UA, can be calculated. Additionally, an effective liquid temperature is enthalpy averaged. The purpose of the model is to calculate an effective concrete temperature. There is no temperature distribution. A heat rate is taken as: A comparison between the Modelica model running an 8-hour charging simulation with an initial concrete average temperature of 148.4°C experiences an increase in average concrete temperature to 192.3°C. The low-fidelity model experiencing the same charging time and initial concrete temperature has a final temperature of 197.2°C. One is a change of 44°C, the other a change of 49°C, about a 10% difference. Figure 20 and Figure 21 show the Modelica result and the low-fidelity model results for a single 8- hour charge cycle. The absolute temperature difference is less than 5°C throughout the simulation. There does appear to be a pattern that emerges for the differences between the two. Through the middle of the simulation, the Modelica model predicts a higher amount of heat input until tapering off toward the end of the simulation. This is likely due to the fact that the low-fidelity model uses a single heat transfer coefficient throughout the simulation. By doing so, the low-fidelity model does not capture the fact that the amount of condensation decreases throughout the Modelica simulation, as seen in Figure 22. The flat portion of the upper curve in Figure 22 indicates that the exit fluid has a constant temperature, indicating saturation. The actual heat transfer coefficient would then decrease. The entire simulation operated on an 15PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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