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Figure 22. Cold end fluid temperature plotted against average concrete temperature. 3. LATENT HEAT ENERGY STORAGE Latent heat energy storage stores energy in materials undergoing phase change. These phase change materials (PCMs) can undergo melting and fusion, boiling and condensation, or hydration and dehydration. PCMs have high volumetric and mass-specific energy storage densities. They can theoretically operate isothermally as the phase change occurs at a single temperature. The ideal PCM would have a large latent heat associated with its phase change, little to no density change between phases, indefinite cyclability between phases, and high thermal conductivity. Research continues in PCMs to identify enhancements that would allow lab-scale experiments to increase size to demonstrate grid- scale applications. A significant challenge is enhancing the thermal conductivity in the PCMs. As the charging or discharging HTF will drive the phase change condition at the heat transfer surface, continuing that process into the PCM mass is based on the thermal conductivity of the material. Conductivity enhancement via geometry specification, micro-encapsulation, and material impregnation has been investigated over time. The most common PCMs identified operate between the solid and liquid phases where the density change is minimal. Because the melting or solidification front is key to moving heat between the HTF and the PCMs, many high-fidelity models have been developed across the research field. The model shown in this report is based on a paraffin wax experiment. The experiment used water as the HTF to melt and solidify paraffin wax [16]. The original model was built in Star-CCM+ and then converted to Matlab. The Matlab version subsequently has been converted into a Modelica model and is being adjusted for complete integration within the HYBRID repository. The generalized low-fidelity model has been built to accommodate new geometric designs, materials, and HTFs. 3.1 Model Development The model is a two-dimensional radial conductivity model across three materials: the HTF, a pipe wall, then through the PCM. Within the fluid, equation (13) applies. The equation is also applied within the tube, but the velocity term disappears without internal mass movement. The term is thermal resistance, equal to thermal conductivity divided by the density and specific heat capacity. Effectively, the equation set is applied across the material interfaces, with an effective interface thermal conductivity calculated using equation (14). 17PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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