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Figure 27. PCM high-fidelity and surrogate model quality comparison. While the curve shapes are not identical, the endpoints are the key feature in the surrogate model (hourly accuracy as a guidance). Thus, the low-fidelity model is a viable substitute if needed. Improving a low-fidelity model may be possible by introducing a nodalization characteristic in the PCM itself. It should be noted that the present high-fidelity model computational speed is very fast, especially when the HTF values are simplified and thus the surrogate model may not be necessary to ensure single-machine compatible computational speed. 4. THERMOCLINE ENERGY STORAGE Another thermal storage design available in the HYBRID repository is a packed bed thermocline system. A thermocline storage system stores heat via a hot and cold fluid separated by a thin thermocline region occurring due to the density differential between the fluid at different temperatures. Assuming low mixing via internal flow characteristics and structural design, this thermocline region can be kept relatively small compared to the size of the tank. Additionally, low internal thermal conductivity and large changes in buoyancy are extremely useful in maintaining a small relative thermocline thickness. In charging mode hot fluid is pumped into the top of the tank (since hot fluid is less dense than cold fluid) with cold fluid exiting via the bottom of the tank. Conversely, in discharge mode cold fluid is pumped into the bottom of the thermocline system with hot fluid exiting from the top of the thermocline tank and used for either process heating applications or power conversion. As charging and discharging occurs the position of the thermocline inside the tank moves up and down. To increase the cost-effectiveness of these designs, it is common to fill the tank with a low-cost filler material such as concrete or quartzite; thermoclines with this feature are known as packed bed systems. These filler materials are inexpensive, have high density, and high thermal conductivity. By using such material, a reduction in the required amount of high-cost thermal fluid can be achieved, thereby increasing the economic competitiveness. It is noted that incorporating filler material causes thermocline degradation due to thermal lag and is a function of the axial fill speed. However, due to the high cost of thermal fluids, the degradation of the thermocline is outweighed by the increased economic competitiveness. 4.1 Model Development The thermocline system was modeled using a modified set of Schumann equations originally introduced in 1927 [17]. The equation set governs the energy conservation of fluid flow through porous media. It has been widely adopted in analyzing thermocline storage tanks. The modified equation set adopted a new version of the convective heat-transfer coefficient, pioneered by Gunn in 1978 [18] to 21PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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