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Figure 31. Thermocline temperatures with varying levels of insulation. The simulation assumed an initial thermocline temperature of 325°C, consistent with a fully charged thermocline system. Flow is assumed stagnant. The simulation considered FOAMGLAS ONE insulation thicknesses of 2 inches, 4 inches, 6 inches, and 8 inches; 8 inches is the upper bound of physical space surrounding the thermocline in which insulation could be placed. For the 2-inch-thick insulation, ambient heat losses would equate to ~80°C drop in average tank temperature over the 2 days. Four-inch-thick insulation equated to a 47°C drop in the average temperature, while a 6-inch-thick layer equated to a 33°C heat loss. Eight-inch-thick insulation was only modestly better at a 27°C drop over the 2 days. From this simulation, it was determined that a 6-inch layer of insulation would be the best trade-off in terms of effective storage of heat, while adequately fitting in the space surrounding the tank. 4.5 Economics of Thermocline Packed Bed Systems Research primarily centered around the concentrated solar power industry provides many possible sources of cost estimates. Most of these cost estimates are based on two-tank systems: systems in which hot and cold stores of the working fluid are separately stored. Packed-bed systems are not as widely used, and so the economics of these systems are less well understood, and values are typically reported relative to two-tank costs. Thermocline storage system costs are similar to two-tank storage systems in terms of cost sources. The main difference is elimination of a tank and, in the case of packed bed systems, the decrease in high- price HTF for a low-cost filler instead. One source indicates building a comparable thermocline system should save between 5–12% on the levelized cost of electricity [21]. A separate estimate indicates that using quartzite rock in a thermocline system could reduce the capital cost by around 35% [22]. According to a 2014 paper, the cost of large-scale thermocline systems for concentrated solar power plant installations would run about $34/kWh [23]. Further, in sensible heat storage systems the cost $/kwh-t is inversely proportional to the planned operational ∆T of the system. If the ∆T increases, then the $/kWh-t of the system decreases and vice versa. Figure 32 shows different capital cost curves for various TES configurations as a function of ∆T. Note the difference between the blue, two-tank line and the green, quartz-rock thermocline line, which has significantly lower cost. In this cost comparison, even the poorest 27PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Model Development
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