THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook

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THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook ( thermal-energy-storage-outlook )

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KEY FINDINGS The transformation of the global energy system in line with the Paris Agreement requires rapid uptake of renewables throughout all kinds of energy use. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies can help to integrate high shares of renewable energy in power generation, industry and buildings. This key role for TES is illustrated on subsequent pages. • TES technologies offer unique benefits, such as helping to decouple of heating and cooling demand from immediate power generation and supply availability. The resulting flexibility allows far greater reliance on variable renewable sources, such as solar and wind power. TES thereby reduces the need for costly grid reinforcements, helps to balance seasonal demand and supports the shift to a predominantly renewable-based energy system. • The global market for TES could triple in size by 2030. This means an increase from 234 gigawatt hour (GWh) of installed capacity in last year (2019) to over 800 GWh within a decade. Investments in TES applications for cooling and power are expected to reach between USD 13 billion and USD 28 billion over the same period. By supporting the shift to renewables, efficiency and greater electrification, TES investments can help to fulfil long-term climate and sustainability goals. • Molten-salt storage is commonly deployed in the power sector. This is due to its advanced technological readiness and its application with concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. By 2030 between 491 GWh and 631 GWh of installed molten salt capacity is expected to come online. In the near-term, other TES technologies are likely to become commercially viable, including solid-state and liquid air variants that store surplus energy from CSP, solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind. • Global TES capacity for cooling needs to double to meet expected cooling demand in 2030. This implies investments of about USD 560 million over the next ten years, to reach USD 2.82 billion worldwide. Phase-change material (PCM) and other TES technologies can complement cold chain applications, enabling flexibility in the cooling loads for production, storage and transportation. • TES use in district heating and cooling effectively decouples demand from supply, allowing energy to be stored on a seasonal basis. District heating already incorporates sensible heat technologies such as tank TES (or TTES) and underground TES (or UTES). • Water tank TES (or WTTES), is already used in buildings globally. To a lesser extent, underground TES is also used in smaller-scale installations. Ice and solid-state thermal batteries are in the early development stages for this application. • In industry, water tanks are coming into wider use for low-temperature heat generation and storage in conjunction with solar thermal plants. This is seen predominantly in the mining, food and textile industries. Innovative technologies for sensible, latent and thermochemical TES are also undergoing trials to store high-grade heat. • Investments in technological development combined with measures to enhance market pull can unlock rapid growth in TES deployment. Such initiatives can form part of a holistic energy policy aimed at scaling up renewables and decarbonising energy use. TES forms a key part of the energy transition investment package available to countries for post-COVID recovery. Investments in TES, along with renewables, energy efficiency and electrification, can strengthen health and economic infrastructure, drive short-term recovery and align energy development with global climate and sustainability goals. 12 INNOVATION OUTLOOK

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