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INSIGHTS FOR POLICY MAKERS Thermal energy storage offers flexibility across all energy demand sectors in cities In 2050 variable renewable energy should comprise more than 60% of power generation and thermal energy storage is one the enabling technologies for this transition. From a power sector perspective, higher shares of variable renewable energy (VRE), mainly solar PV and wind power, are entering electricity systems every year. In 2018 around 10% of the power in global energy systems was from VRE generation. To comply with the climate targets in the Paris Agreement, IRENA estimates that VRE will see threefold growth by 2030, increasing its share to 35%, and sixfold growth by 2050, whereby VRE would provide more than 60% of global power generation (IRENA, 2020a). With such a high share of VRE, flexibility becomes crucial to operate the overall energy system. Fundamentally, thermal storage is part of a wider portfolio of flexibility options that includes electricity storage and demand- side measures. The integration of thermal energy storage (TES) technologies is a promising solution, bringing a range of applications and merits Over 234 gigawatt hours (GWh) of thermal energy storage act as a source of flexibility across the energy chain spectrum, from supply to demand (Figure 1). Around 234 GWh1 of TES is present across the globe, a crucial enabler of reliable, secure and flexible energy systems. Figure 1 depicts the key applications of TES in energy systems. From a supply-side perspective, TES can store the surplus electricity produced by solar and wind and reduce curtailment, mitigate rapid dips or spikes in output and enable capacity firming. An example of a mature TES technology is molten-salt storage at concentrated solar plants. 1 Based on IRENA data collection of publicly available projects. From a transmission and distribution angle, TES can help to defer or avoid the need for costly electricity network reinforcement. By enabling load shifting, it results in better utilisation of renewables, alleviates grid congestion and circumvents infrastructure investment. A particular advantage of TES is the ability to store energy on a seasonal basis. Surplus heat produced with renewables in the summer can be retained in TES, and then used to meet heating demand during the winter period. From an energy demand perspective, TES is capable of providing solutions for the overall energy system rather than focusing on individual vectors, such as power, heat or cold. Energy demand in end-use sectors such as buildings is strongly affected by seasonality. Thermal storage can store energy for hours, days, weeks or even months, helping to address seasonal variability in supply and demand. TES technologies such as thermal tanks (using water), solid state (using storage media such as rocks, concrete and ceramic bricks) and underground TES (UTES) can store excess power generation in summer and then supply space heating What is thermal energy storage? It is the temporary storage of energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for power generation; a heating and cooling application. (European Association for Storage of Energy, 2017). TES can be coupled with mechanical energy storage technologies; this provides complementary capabilities from both technologies. Where is it used? Today TES is tested and deployed in a variety of applications, such as utility-scale power generation, industry, district heating and cooling, buildings and cold chain logistics. 16 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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