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Figure 2: Operating temperatures and time ranges for TES technologies studied What TES technologies are used in energy systems? This report categorises thermal storage technologies into: • Sensible • Latent • Thermochemical • Coupled: Mechanical-thermal It studies the status, benefits and innovation needs of 13 prominent TES sub technologies. Chapter 3 gives a detailed explanation of the TES sub-technologies. High (>500 °C) Median (100-500 °C) Low (0-100 °C) Subzero (<0 °C) Sensible Hours Days Latent Thermochemical Months Mechanical-thermal Low temp. PCMs High temp. CPCMs Absorption systems Subzero temp. PCMs WTTES Molten salts Chemical looping Solid-state Ice Salt hydration UTES Liquid air Notes: cPCM = composite phase-change material; PCM = phase-change material; WTTS = water thank thermal energy storage. TES market assessment By 2030 TES could experience threefold growth, reaching over 800 GWh of installed capacity globally. A growing business case lies ahead for TES technologies – in the next decade investment in the range of USD 12.8 billion to USD 27.22 billion is foreseen for power and cooling TES applications. Power In the power sector TES is used for load shifting, capacity firming and ancillary services. Currently, molten-salt TES is the technology most used in the sector due to its advanced technological readiness and its application with concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Molten-salt storage capacity of over 21 GWh is currently installed worldwide. In IRENA’s Paris Agreement-aligned Transforming Energy Scenario, with more ambitious renewable energy growth in comparison to current trends, policies and plans, additional CSP capacity of 56 gigawatts (GW) would be needed by 2030 (IRENA, 2020a). This growth in CSP capacity, illustrated in Figure 4, would deliver a fourfold increase in installed capacity of molten-salt TES (compared to the Planned Energy Scenario), between 491 GWh and 631 GWh. The cumulative investment needed in molten-salt TES in the next 10 years is between USD 12.3 billion and USD 24.4 billion, depending on the CSP technology used. Energy systems are finding more solutions to smoothly incorporate the increasing share of renewables. For example, battery storage has emerged recently as a key source of flexibility for the power, buildings and transport sectors. All these solutions have different supply chains and applications, and the energy storage sector needs to be diversified to avoid potential bottlenecks and the concentration of risk. Special characteristics of TES, such as seasonal capability, large storage capacity, potential for higher round trip efficiency and longer life cycles, position its technologies as an attractive solution for energy markets. Figure 3 illustrates IRENA analysis, showing how over 234 GWh of TES capacity was installed globally by the end of 2019 and how IRENA’s Paris Agreement-aligned Transforming Energy Scenario expects capacity to have increased threefold by 2030, reaching at least 800 GWh. 18 INNOVATION OUTLOOK Operating temperaturePDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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