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Sector applications and innovation outlook In the energy transition, TES technologies have an important role to play, but their potential is untapped. Innovation is still needed to increase the commercial readiness of TES technologies. TES can facilitate the introduction of higher shares of renewables and contribute to the decarbonisation of five key sectors: power, industry, district heating and cooling, cold-chain applications and buildings. Power The power sector has adopted TES on a commercial scale with molten-salt storage used in CSP plants. In the coming years other TES technologies may come closer to commercial levels, such as solid state and liquid air, storing surplus energy from CSP, solar PV and wind. Molten salts are already in use today to allow CSP plants to consistently generate power by charging during the day and discharging at night. Other TES technologies, such as solid-state thermal storage using concrete, are being trialled. As the raw material in this example is inexpensive, it could reduce the capital cost of CSP applications. Solar energy harnessed with CSP could also be stored as chemical energy through a thermochemical looping system, in which solar energy is stored for later release through a chemical reaction (Pardo et al., 2014). Other promising TES technologies are displayed in Figure 7. As they cross the early technology readiness levels, they also have great potential to mitigate the rapid fluctuations of VRE supply and integrate growing renewables on the grid. These systems need to achieve breakthroughs in the coming years and decades for technologies under development to successfully reach commercialisation and for the wider roll-out of molten salts. In the coming five years, the next generation of molten salts could increase operating temperature ranges up to 700°C and improve performance, which would increase the round-trip efficiency2 of CSP plants to over 92%. More pilot plants could emerge for solid-state storage and novel stand-alone molten-salt thermal batteries. By 2030 TES costs for power generation technologies may experience cost reductions of over 50%, reaching USD 15 per kilowatt hour (kWh). By 2030 efficiencies in liquid air energy storage (LAES), adiabatic compressed air energy storage (A-CAES) and solid-state systems are expected to have increased, enabling greater use of TES across wind and solar PV generation, and also potentially to serve as effective alternatives to molten salts in CSP. By 2050 developments in thermochemical storage could enable much higher conversion efficiencies at CSP plants. Also, molten salt-based storage could enable fossil-fuelled power plants to be reused for renewable energy storage, saving decommissioning costs and contributing to their decarbonisation. 2 Round-trip efficiency is the relationship between energy put into storage and energy retrieved. It represents how effective the technology is at retaining and discharging thermal energy once stored. This parameter can be strongly dependent on the system working conditions (e.g. daily or seasonal). 22 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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