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Figure 9: TES technology status and innovation outlook in the cold chain sector Cold chain Applied research Prototype Demonstration Commercial Efficiency (%) 2018 2030 >90 >92 COP 0.6- 0.8 Cost (USD/kWh) Lifetime (years) Temperature (oC) 2018 2030 2018 2030 -115 -150 5-20 10-25 to8 to8 Low-temp. phase- change material1,2 Ice1,2 Sub-zero phase- change material1,2 Liquid absorption2,3 LAES1,2,3 Latent Thermo- chemical Mechanical -thermal 2018 58-230 12-150 2030 45-185 12-120 20 20-25 20-40 5-30 5-30 -150 to ambient Short term (5 years) Long term (10+ years) • Material and operational improvements, as well as better integration, could increase efficiencies and lower costs in use of ice and other PCM systems. Linking of cold chain assets across sectors could deliver synergies. • The use of liquid air in cryogenic LAES could bring down costs and open up new applications, particularly in combined cold and power systems. Retrofit of of existing fossil-fuelled network to deliver TES-stored, renewably generated cold could facilitate significant decarbonisation. Medium term (5-10 years) • Sub-zero storage temperatures and passive cooling could be achieved with next-generation PCMs Note: Magnifying glass means value not available due to low technology readiness level; Flag means demonstration stage; Megaphone means commercial stage; (1) For the storage of cold; (2) For refrigerated transportation; (3) For the production of cold. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 27PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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