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Figure 14: Annual energy-related CO2 emissions with itemised contribution by sector, 2010-2050 Energy-related CO2 emissions, 2010-2050 CO 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Power 10 5 Industry 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 Baseline Energy Scenario 43 Gt in 2050 Planned Energy Scenario 33 Gt in 2050 45% Buildings Transport Buildings Transport District heat Power Industry District Heat Transforming Energy Scenario 9.5 Gt in 2050 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Renewables Energy efficiency Fuel switch and others Two-thirds of emissions reduction potential in the Transforming Energy Scenario 26% 29% 52% 27% 21% Source: IRENA, 2020a. Decarbonising the heating and cooling sectors will be another significant challenge Globally, half of final energy consumption is for heat, split evenly between space heating and industrial processes. Only 9% of global heat demand (including water heating) is currently met by renewables, compared with 26% for electricity generation in 2017 (Collier, 2018). Thus, it is important to find a sustainable and affordable way to decarbonise the supply of heat. Space cooling is the fastest-growing use of energy in buildings, and this trend is especially evident in hotter countries where the economy is growing rapidly such as India, Indonesia, Brazil and countries of the Middle East. By 2050 around two-thirds of the world’s households could have an air conditioner (IEA, 2018a). Given that cooling is delivered almost entirely by electricity, a key challenge to effective decarbonisation is to ensure this growth in demand is met by renewable generation, complemented by thermal energy storage (TES) systems and minimising impacts on local networks. Electrification of other end-use sectors can help to drive decarbonisation With ever-increasing deployment of renewables in the power sector, transitioning energy use to electricity in other sectors – including transport, buildings (heating and cooling) and industry –could contribute to decarbonisation. The electrification of other end- use sectors is part of a wider strategy known as sector integration. Electrified cooling, heating and transport (through air conditioners, heat pumps and electric vehicles, for example) can be complemented with the direct deployment of renewables to meet more complex demands, such as in industrial processes or old buildings. The exact formula for electrification vs direct renewable deployment will vary between energy systems, as a function of existing infrastructure and demand profiles. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 39PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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