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1.2 Market assessment of TES A growing number of solutions are available to smoothly incorporate the increased share of VRE into energy systems. Electricity storage technologies have emerged as a critical source of flexibility, particularly for the power, buildings and transport sectors. However, the energy storage sector needs to diversify to avoid potential bottlenecks that might arise in the production supply chain, and to cater to a variety of end uses. Therefore, TES as a thermal solution has a clear role in providing flexibility to the power sector as well as for heating and cooling applications. Section 2.3 explains the advantages of integrating TES into energy systems. Figure 15 shows the installed capacity of TES and other attractive storage technologies. IRENA analysis estimates that over 234 GWh of TES was installed globally at the end of 2019, a technology attracting growing attention from the private and public sectors. To give a sense of other technologies’ market status, by the end of 2019 around 200 GWh of cumulative battery capacity had been installed for electromobility applications and 30 GWh of stationary battery storage applications, including utility scale and decentralised (PV rooftop) (IRENA, 2020a).6 This section explores the TES market principally for three main sectors – power, space cooling and heating. The analysis is based on data collected by IRENA from over 430 projects and includes: Power generation Molten-salt technology: operational and planned molten-salt TES in Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe. Compressed air energy storage (CAES), liquid air energy storage (LAES) and solid-state technologies. Space cooling Cooling TES projects, mostly located in the United States, with some large-scale projects located in warmer countries such as Jordan, Portugal and Qatar. Heating for district systems, buildings and industry Heating TES projects (excluding small hot-water tanks), with most of the capacity as large-scale heating TES installations in district heating systems in central and northern Europe, more specifically Denmark, Germany and Sweden. Transport (cold chain) Phase-change material (PCM) projects. Power sector TES is already being used in the power sector for load shifting and capacity firming. According to IRENA’s database, molten - salt storage is the most widely adopted TES technology in this sector, due to its advanced technological readiness and its application with CSP plants. However, other TES technologies have also been used in demonstration and pilot projects within CSP and non-CSP sectors, such as solid-state material (e.g. ceramic or hot rocks) and PCM. Figure 15: Installed TES capacity by 2019 250 200 150 100 50 0 2019 Thermal energy storage 6 Installed capacity magnitudes for electrochemical and thermal technologies cannot be directly compared due to the different nature of the storage medium. This means 1 GWh of electrochemical storage is not equivalent to 1 GWh of thermal energy storage. Therefore, values are given on an informative basis to demonstrate the market status of specific technologies. 42 INNOVATION OUTLOOK GWhPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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