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Aquifer thermal energy storage Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) projects have the largest storage capacities of TES projects and thus are greatly suited to seasonal storage. Currently there are over 2 800 installed ATES projects worldwide, with most located in the Netherlands and western Europe (Figure 19). These projects provide over 2.5 TWh of cooling and heating annually (Fleuchaus et al., 2018) Figure 19: ATES projects 5% 10% 85% Netherlands Belgium, Denmark and Sweden Rest of the world Source: Adapted from Fleuchaus et al., 2018. The world’s largest project is at Stockholm’s Arlanda airport. The aquifer has a volume of 200 million cubic metres (m3) and can store up to 9 GWh of energy. The same water is used on a seasonal basis for cooling and for heating purposes such as melting snow on runways and preheating ventilation systems. The project has reduced the airport’s energy use by 19 GWh annually, and only uses energy from biofuels (Swedavia Airports, n.d.). Heating for buildings, district heating and industry The efficiency of heating systems (space and water heating) has increased rapidly in recent years, slowing the global increase in heating demand. Global heating demand reached 212 EJ in 2018 (IEA, 2019). In 2019 IRENA identified over 199 GWh of medium- to large-scale TES capacity installed globally for heating in buildings, district heating and industrial processes (Figure 20). These include TTES, UTES and solid-state TES. District heating is the largest application of currently installed TES capacity for heating, due to the use of ATES and borehole TES (BTES) with large volumes. Approximately half of the district heating projects facilitate between-season storage, a special capability that TES technologies bring to the energy system. An increase in the share of industrial TES systems would be spurred by power sector regulations and policies aimed at integrating further renewables into the power system. This could lead to an increase in the overall capacity of installed TES for heating despite the stabilisation of heating demand worldwide. It would allow increased industrial efficiency in process heating while helping integrate renewables for a low-carbon energy system. Due to the ubiquity and distributed small-scale nature of hot-water tank storage, the installed capacity can be hard to gauge globally. Considering the ongoing technological progress of other heat storage technologies, such as solid state and PCMs, their overall installed capacity could increase significantly, providing much-needed flexibility and demand-side management capabilities to the grid. In the United Kingdom a study projects that UK homes with electric heating will potentially need to have TES if the country were to reach net-zero carbon by 2050 (Energy Systems Catapult, 2020). 46 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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