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renewables integration, it helps reduce electricity demand during peak times in the summer. 1.4 A systems approach There is growing evidence to show the benefits of a systems approach to integrating renewables and decarbonising energy systems, in ever more cost- effective ways. For example, research in Finland has found that wind power-to-heat systems using TES can enhance decarbonisation by increasing wind-use efficiency. An integrated pilot system with heat pumps, electric boilers and TES achieved a 30% emission reduction by displacing natural gas-fired boilers against a baseline system without these assets (Kiviluoma and Meibom, 2010). Additionally, when the share of wind and solar energy starts to increase in the energy mix, integrating TES within power-to-heat systems can help reduce renewables curtailment. For example, a study in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland energy market area in the United States found that renewables curtailment could be reduced by 50-90% by using either heat pumps with thermal storage or decentralised resistive heaters with thermal storage (Pensini, Rasmussen and Kempton, 2014). These studies demonstrate that realising the benefits of TES in a given energy system also depends upon the deployment of certain supporting assets and infrastructure. As such, a whole-systems approach to planning energy system flexibility and integration can realise untold benefits. Case study 1: Reducing wind curtailment through sector coupling in China Reducing wind curtailment using thermal storage in a district heating scheme, Xinjiang, China A United Kingdom–China collaborative project led by the Birmingham Centre for Energy Storage, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Natural Science Foundation of China, reported on a successful commercial demonstration pilot to integrate thermal storage into a district heating scheme using cPCMs in the Chinese region of Xinjiang. The project was driven by the need to address the intermittency of renewables and network constraint challenges caused by a high penetration of renewable wind and combined heat and power district heating schemes. Local electricity demand is low in Xinjiang, and the majority of the renewable (wind and solar) generation is utilised in geographically distant load centres. However, the low demand and network constraints meant that curtailment rates were as high as 40% in 2016. As a result, central and local government investigated routes to improve renewable utilisation rates. Heat decarbonisation was also on the government’s agenda and support was provided through feed-in tariffs. There was also high volatility in electricity prices. A key part of their solution has been end-use coupling and converting excess renewables into heat that is stored using a thermal storage system. A 6 megawatt/36 megawatt hour (MWh) demonstration plant using high-temperature cPCMs has been operational since October 2016. This plant charges during off-peak hours, when the price of electricity is half of what it is during normal hours. Furthermore, it is estimated that over 80% of this electricity, or over 5 000 MWh per year, is wind generation that would otherwise have been curtailed. This facility has been successfully harnessing excess electricity from local wind generators, reducing wind curtailment, relieving network constraints and storing decarbonised heat. As a result of the success of the pilot, a further 20 plants have been constructed and are in operation across China (Ding, 2018). THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 51PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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