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2. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW Thermal energy storage (TES) covers a wide range of technologies based on exploiting different fundamental scientific principles. For this report 29 TES technologies were identified and a prioritisation exercise10 was carried out based on the following criteria: • Technology characteristics: entails technology readiness level, versatility, replicability and additionality.11 • Potential to overcome challenges in the variable renewable energy (VRE) sector: enables solutions to reduce curtailment, peak shaving, system inertia and congestion in transmission grids; facilitates electrification of other sectors beyond power generation. • Scale: whether the technology applies to distributed, centralised or both kinds of system. • Sector: application of TES technology in power systems, industry, cold chain, buildings or district heating and cooling. After this assessment, 13 technologies were selected as promising TES technologies that can help to integrate more VRE in energy systems.12 This section provides an overview of these primary technologies of interest. They are classified into four groups based upon the underlying principle of their operation: 1. Sensibleheatstorage • tank thermal energy storage (TTES), using water as a storage medium • solid-state thermal storage (e.g. ceramic bricks, rocks, concrete, packed beds) • molten salts • underground thermal energy storage (UTES). 2. Latent heat storage • ice thermal storage • sub-zero temperature phase-change materials (PCMs) • low-temperature PCMs • high-temperature PCMs. 3. Thermochemical heat storage • chemical looping (calcium looping) • salt hydration • absorption systems. 4. Mechanical-thermal coupled systems • compressed air energy storage • liquid air energy storage. The following section provides an overview of each group, and explains the scope of each technology and its operation principles. Further technical details on individual technologies can be found in the Appendix. 2.1 Principal types of thermal storage technology Sensible heat storage Sensible heat storage is the most commonly deployed and commercially advanced type of TES. It stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium (liquid or solid) without changing its phase. The amount of stored energy is proportional to the temperature change (rise or fall) on charging, within the operational temperature range, and the thermal capacity of the material. 10 MoredetailonthemethodusedforprioritisationcanbefoundinSection7.1intheAppendix. 11 Versatility – this is the ability of the TES to be able to fulfil multiple use cases within an energy system. Replicability – this is the ability of the TES to be used across multiple energy systems. Additionality – this is the uniqueness of the TES technology in providing the particular services. 12 Replicability – this is the ability of the TES to be used across multiple energy systems. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 53PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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