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Sensible heat storage systems offer storage capacities ranging from 10 kWh to 50 kWh per tonne and storage efficiencies between 50% and 98%, depending on the specific heat of the storage medium and thermal insulation technologies. The working temperature range can go from -160°C to more than 1 000°C (European Association for Storage of Energy and European Energy Research Alliance, 2013). Compared to other thermal storage technologies, sensible storage offers the simplest and often cheapest form of storage (often using just water). As a result, sensible technologies are the most widespread today, appearing in the form of residential water tanks or molten-salt storage for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants (European Association for Storage of Energy and European Energy Research Alliance, 2017a). They find application in the power sector, industry, buildings, and district heating and cooling. The main disadvantages of sensible technologies include their large physical footprint, the need for further thermal insulation with higher temperature or storage time demands, and the potential need for (energy) inputs to maintain storage at target temperatures. The sensible heat storage technologies examined in this report are: • TTES, using water as the storage medium • solid-state thermal storage (e.g. ceramic bricks, rocks, concrete, packed beds) • molten salts • UTES. Tank thermal energy storage TTES stores thermal energy using a fluid, often water, as the storage medium. For this report, all future references to TTES refer only to systems that have water as the storage medium (as opposed to molten salts or other fluids). Water is heated or cooled via solar thermal panels, electricity, or the ambient temperature, and then delivered upon demand (Stine and Geyer, 2001). TTES represents the simplest form of thermal storage, and is the most widespread and technically mature TES technology. In terms of volume, tanks start at a few hundred litres combined with solar thermal heating for small-scale residential applications. For large applications (commercial, industrial and district heating), the size can be up to about 80 000 m3, limited by the space and the container’s construction. The systems usually provide intra-day/daily heat storage. For domestic applications, the system components are the thermal storage water tank and the water heater, dedicated to hot water production and in some cases to space heating, co generation, etc. The delivered water temperature range is normally 55-60°C. Tank-based systems have also been developed for inter-seasonal TES. Some systems proposed can store high-temperature heat, around 90°C, over 6 months with a loss of energy of less than 10% (BEIS, 2016). For large-scale applications, hot-water tanks are used for seasonal storage. They are normally charged by solar thermal technologies that heat the water up to temperatures of around 80-90°C. In these cases the heat can be extracted down to temperatures of around 10°C when heat pumps are used (IEA and IRENA, 2013). 54 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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