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Underground thermal energy storage UTES involves heat or cold being stored underground. The storage medium can be geological strata made up of soil, sand or solid bedrock, or water in artificial pits or in aquifers. The key UTES technologies are aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES), borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) and pit thermal energy storage (PTES) (Figure 26). A hybrid system combining PTES and BTES is also under development (European Association for Storage of Energy and European Energy Research Alliance, 2013). These technologies are relatively mature and have been in use in one form or another for centuries. The key advantage of UTES systems is that large amounts of thermal energy can be stored across seasons; however, the efficiency of such systems is relatively low and therefore they are best deployed alongside a cheap source of thermal energy. UTES has mostly been used for district heating applications. UTES technologies can be found in some countries coupled with renewable energy sources, whereas in other areas UTES is still under demonstration or at pilot scale (European Association for Storage of Energy and European Energy Research Alliance, 2017a). Figure 26: Underground energy storage concept Pit thermal energy storage (PTES) (60 - 80 kWh/m3) Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) (15 - 30 kWh/m3) Aquifier thermal energy storage (ATES) (30 - 40 kWh/m3) Source: European Association for Storage of Energy and European Energy Research Alliance, 2017a. UTES can be used to store the heat from solar collectors or industrial processes, or the cold from the winter air. Then the thermal energy is used for space heating in winter or cooling in summer. Some systems use heat pumps to help charge and discharge the storage during part or all of the cycle. For cooling applications, normally only circulation pumps are used (BEIS, 2016). ATES is used to provide buildings with heating in winter and cooling in summer by using the underground water from naturally existing aquifers. ATES consists of a hot and a cold well, while PTES systems utilise underground pits insulated to reduce heat losses, and filled with gravel and water. PTES has the lowest specific cost, along with ATES. The system can be charged and discharged with heated water by direct contact or by using pipes along the gravel. PTES needs a greater volume than ATES, but has almost no geographical constraints. Finally, BTES is based on vertical heat exchangers that charge or discharge a soil mixture that presents a high specific heat, high thermal conductivity and a very low hydraulic conductivity (Gao, Zhao and Tang, 2015). THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 57PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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