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Latent heat storage PCMs use latent heat, which is the energy required to change the phase of the material (normally solid to liquid), to store thermal energy. There are many different types and applications of PCM. This report focuses on those currently viewed as having the greatest potential for renewable energy integration for each key temperature range. The main criterion for selecting a PCM is the phase- change temperature range needed for the application. Other thermophysical properties, such as the latent heat of fusion and thermal conductivity, should also be taken into account during selection. Figure 27 shows the classification of families of PCMs addressed in this report based on these criteria, illustrated using examples of PCM families. The technologies examined, and their operational temperature ranges, are outlined below: • Sub-zero PCMs: with a congruent phase-change temperature below 0°C, e.g. salt-water mixtures. • Ice: which has a phase-change temperature to water of 0°C. • Low-temperature PCMs: with a phase change temperature of 0-120°C, e.g. paraffin waxes and salt hydrates. • High-temperature PCMs: with a phase change temperature above 120°C, e.g. inorganic salts and their eutectic mixtures, including those stored in ceramic supporting materials known as composite PCMs (cPCMs). Compared to sensible heat storage materials, PCMs have a higher energy density, meaning that their physical footprint is smaller. PCMs can charge and discharge at an almost constant temperature, meaning that a PCM can be specifically chosen to provide a specific output temperature according to the engineering need. This additional control is particularly useful for sensitive applications such as in the cold chain, where drugs or food have to be maintained within narrow temperature ranges. Figure 27: Properties of PCMs examined in this report, showing difference in heat of fusion and melting points 500 400 300 200 100 Salt and their eutectics mixtures Salt-water eutectics Ice Paraffin wax Salt hydrates 0 -50 0 Sub-zero ice 50 100 Temperature (°C) Low-temp. PCMs 150 200 High-temp. PCMs -100 Note: kJ/kg = kilojoules per kilogram. 58 INNOVATION OUTLOOK Heat of fusion (kJ/kg)PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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