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Ice thermal storage Ice has excellent material properties for cold storage, including a high heat of fusion (334 kJ/kg), good heat capacity (4.2 kJ/kg·K) and non-corrosive behaviour. As the solid form of water, ice is readily available and inexpensive. To store cold energy in ice, off-peak or renewable electricity is used to freeze water using chillers or ice generators placed above ice tanks. For discharging, the cold energy transfers via water or an additional heat transfer fluid, such as glycol. Thermal storage using ice is commercially available for buildings and district cooling schemes. Although more expensive than chilled water tanks, it offers a lower physical footprint. Ice thermal energy storage has two typical configurations, namely as bulk ice storage and ice-on-coil storage. For bulk ice storage systems, ice is stored in a tank filled with both chilled water and ice at freezing temperature. When charging, a pump sends the chilled water from the tank to the ice generator, and the ice falls back into the tank. In the discharging process, another pump is used to circulate the chilled water from the tank to the load, and the warm water back from the load returns to the top of the tank. Cold energy can also be stored in the form of slurry ice, which can be used as a heat transfer fluid. For ice-on-coil storage systems, a storage tank is filled with water and a coil submerged in it. In the charging process, a chiller cools the heat transfer fluid (e.g. glycol) to a sub-zero temperature and flows through the coil, freezing the water around the coil. In discharging process, either an external loop or internal loop with a heat exchanger is used to bring the cold energy from the storage tank to the load (Figure 29). Figure 29: Ice-on-coil system External melt-on coil Internal melt-on coil Glycol Hot water Cold water Araner chiller glycol – water Thermal ice storage tank Thermal ice storage tank Araner chiller glycol – water To load From load To load From load Glycol – water heat exchanger Source: Araner, 2017. 60 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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