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Figure 30: Thermochemical storage methods and materials Thermochemical storage Reversible reaction-based storage Sorption-based storage Hydration/ dehydration Liquid-based sorption Porous solid sorption Chemical looping Redox reactions Metal hydrides Salt hydrates MgSO4 /H20 NaS2 /H20 SrBr2 /H20 MgCl2 /H20 Two-phase absorption LiBr solution/H20 LiCl solution /H20 CaCl2 solution/H20 Strong acid and base solutions/H20 Calcium looping (CaL) CaO + CO2 CaCO3 Source: Adapted from Ding and Riffat, 2012; Yu, Wang and Wang, 2013; Scapino et al., 2017. Chemical looping Chemical looping systems have been explored primarily as potential carbon capture technologies. One example uses the reversible reaction between calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to form calcium carbonite (CaCO3). This is referred to as calcium looping (CaL). In this reaction, CaCO3 is exposed to large amounts of heat, breaking it down into its constituent parts (CaO and CO2), storing the energy that was provided by the heat in the chemical bonds within the CaO and CO2 molecules. Both CaO and CO2 are then stored separately, acting in effect as the energy storage media. Storage of the products could be prolonged to weeks or even months, depending on the conditions and energy demand, with no energy loss. When energy is required, CaO and CO2 are brought back together again to form CaCO3, releasing heat in the process, as shown in Figure 31. The advantage of the CaL system is that all materials involved are very low cost, and an extremely high energy density of 3.2 gigajoule per m3 can be obtained (Chang et al., 2013). However, the working temperatures involved are very high (> 600°C). Calcium looping is being explored as a potential technology for storing energy for CSPs (European Commission, 2018), but could also be considered for other high-temperature applications such as in industry or elsewhere in the power sector. Figure 31: CaL process scheme CaO + CO2 CaCO3 CO2 CaO + CO2 Flue gas (CO2 rich) CaCO3 Fuel + O2 Make-up CaCO3 Carbonator 630-680°C Calciner 850-950°C CaO Flue gas (CO2 poor) CaCO3 Source: Adapted from Chang et al., 2013. 62 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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