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THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook

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THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook ( thermal-energy-storage-outlook )

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Mechanical TES systems Coupling TES systems with mechanical energy storage technologies provides complementary capabilities from both technologies. TES is used to facilitate system improvements and higher efficiencies, but these systems become highly complex (AEE INTEC, 2019). The two coupled technologies examined in this report are: • adiabatic compressed air energy storage (A-CAES) • liquid air energy storage (LAES). Adiabatic compressed air energy storage In traditional CAES, off-peak renewable electricity can be used to compress and then store air at high pressure in subterranean caverns. When electricity is needed, the pressurised air is expanded in order to drive a turbine and generate electricity. During the process, cooling units remove the heat of compression and additional heat is then required to heat up the air before the expansion. Both of these cause energy losses. A-CAES systems have been proposed to improve the overall efficiency by adding a high-temperature TES unit (e.g. pebbles, ceramics bricks or PCMs) that stores the heat of compression that would otherwise have been lost during the gas compression stage, for later use during the expansion process. Figure 34 shows a potential A-CAES site. Figure 34: Diagram of a proposed A-CAES site Thermal energy storage Caverns Turbine Generator Compressor Source: RWE Power AG, 2010. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 65

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