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2.2 Key attributes of TES technologies This section provides a high level summary of the key characteristics and technical attributes of the technologies considered in this report. Two principal criteria for choosing a specific TES technology for any application are the required working temperature range and storage duration (Figure 36). Other characteristics are also of relevance, and an overview of these characteristics is outlined in Table 2 and Table 3. The key attributes in Tables 2 and 3 are defined below: • The applicable scale refers to the ability of the TES to be used within an energy system from small- to large-scale applications at different sectors and scales in a cost-effective manner. “Small” applications refer to residential and commercial solutions that service a single building, “district/industrial” refers to a localised groups of buildings or industrial site that are connected through district heating and/ or cooling networks with storage capacities at the megawatt hour level, and “utility” refers to scenarios with a large-scale requirement for thermal storage, such as for providing the heating/cooling services through a large-scale district heating/cooling network or for power generation, or both in a co- generation facility. • The storage period is the possible duration each technology can store energy for prior to effective use in heating, cooling or producing electricity. It could be hours (demand shifting) or months (seasonal storage). • Potential vectors refers to the form of energy input and output for each storage system. • The range of capacities is the quantity of available energy in the storage system after completely charging (i.e. reaching the maximum working temperature of the storage tank material in sensible TES; completing 100% phase-change transition in latent heat TES; or reaching a 100% conversion rate in thermochemical energy storage). This is a function of the energy density and volume of the storage media. • The range of power describes the rate at which energy can be charged and discharged from the system, and this depends on the design of the system and the technology. • Each technology can only work in a specific operating temperature range, defined as estimates of the maximum and minimum working temperatures of the storage system, which is dependent on the physiochemical properties of the storage media. • The round-trip efficiency is the relation between energy put in and energy retrieved from the storage, and represents how effective the technology is at retaining and discharging thermal energy once stored. This parameter can be strongly dependent on the system working conditions (e.g. daily or seasonal). • The energy density represents the maximum amount of energy accumulated per unit volume of the storage unit. This value depends on the working conditions (maximum and minimum working temperatures). • All storage systems experience fatigue and wear by usage, causing ageing and thermal degradation. The lifetime refers to either the number of years the storage unit can be expected to operate in a way that it was designed for under certain operational conditions, or it refers to the number of cycles the storage unit can perform. For example, if a storage asset is expected to undertake a full charge/ discharge cycle every day, then a lifetime of 1000 cycles would mean a lifetime of roughly 3 years. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 67PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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