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Table 3: Key technical attributes of selected TES technologies Type of TES TES technology WTTES Low-temperature PCM Range of capacities kWh to 1 GWh kWh to 100 kWh Range of power kW to 10 MW kW to 10 kW Operating temp- erature 10 to 90°C up to 120°C Round-trip efficiency 50 to 90% >90% Storage period Hours to months Hours Energy density Lifetime (years or no. of cycles) 15-80 kWh/ m3 (1) 15-40 years UTES MWh to GWh MW to 100 MW 5 to 95°C up to 90% Weeks to months 25-85 kWh/m3 50 years Sensible Solid state 10 kWh to GWh kW to 100 MW -160 to 1 300°C >90% Hours to months 0.4-0.9 kWh/ m3·K (heat capacity) (2) > 5 000 cycles Molten salts MWh to 5 GWh 100 kW to 300 MW 265 to 565°C (4) >98% Hours to days 70-200 kWh/m3 > 20 years Latent Ice thermal energy storage Sub-zero temperature PCM kWh to 100 MWh kWh to 100 kWh kW to 10 MW kW to 10 kW -3 to 3°C down to -114°C >95% >90% Hours to days 92 kWh/ m3 30-85 kWh/m3 56-60 kWh/m3 > 20 years > 20 years 300- 3 000 cycles High- temperature cPCM 10 kWh to GWh 10 kW to 100 MW up to 1 000°C >90% Hours Hours to days 30-85 kWh/m3 > 5 000 cycles Chemical looping (calcium looping) (5) MWh to 100 MWh 10 kW to 1 MW 500 to 900°C 45-63% Months 800-1200 kWh/m3 >30 years Thermo- chemical Salt hydration 10 kWh to 100 kWh N/A 30 to 200°C 50% (open systems) 60% (closed systems) Months 20 years Absorption Systems 10 kWh to 100 kWh 10 to 1 000 MWh 10 kW to 1 MW 10 to 1000 MW 5 to 165°C up to 600°C COP: 0.7-1.7 > 90% (thermal efficiency) Hours to days Hours to weeks 200-350 kWh/m3 180-310 kWh/m3 N/A 50 years Mechanical- thermal systems CAES 20-40 years LAES MWh to GWh 10 to 300 MW > 300°C (heat) -150°C (cold) -196°C (liquid air) > 90% (thermal efficiency) Hours to months N/A > 25 years Notes: (1) The energy density of water TTES and UTES is based on a reference temperature at 20°C; sensible heat is not considered in the calculation of energy density of latent heat storage; (2) Energy density of solid state is determined by the operating temperature difference; energy density = heat capacity x temperature difference; (3) for “solar salt” (60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3); (4) Only referring to calcium looping process (as opposed to other chemical looping examples); kW = kilowatt; MW = megawatt; MWh = megawatt hour; COP = coefficient of performance. Note: N/A dennotes that no main needs were identified. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 69PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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