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3.1 Power TES can help facilitate ever more efficient integration of renewables in the power sector Wind and solar PV energy are fast becoming mainstream and competitive sources of power. Although accounting for only 10% of global electricity generation in 2019, they are expected to represent the backbone of renewable energy growth: by 2050 it is projected that wind and solar PV will together account for 61% of total global electricity production (IRENA, 2020a). Given the variability and intermittency of solar and wind resources, they present challenges to the energy system that are different to other renewables such as tidal, geothermal and biomass. TES can be used to mitigate issues of variability in renewables and improve the short-term (i.e. non-seasonal) supply-side flexibility of the power sector. The key use cases where TES can benefit the power sector (defined here as being up until the point of demand) are: • Variable supply integration: this refers to TES co- located at the point of VRE generation, i.e. solar thermal in the form of CSP, and alongside wind and solar PV generation. The focus here is on assisting with the mitigation of short-term and periodic fluctuations of supply, i.e. cloudy periods or overnight in the case of solar power, and periods of low wind for wind energy. • Network management: this refers to providing services solely to power grids, through in-front-of- meter installations of TES at the transmission or distribution level. Network management can come in the form of curtailment avoidance and network reinforcement deferral through constraint alleviation. Role for TES TES in the power sector • IncreasingtheshareofpowergeneratedfromVREsources,suchaswindandsolar,willposechallengesfor balancing the power system cost-effectively. • Low-costlarge-scalemodularTEScouldpotentiallyplayacrucialrolebyprovidingbulkpowermanagement services such as load shifting, reducing curtailment and compensating for periods of non-production. • TESiscriticaltoenablesectorcoupling(powertoheat/cold)bydecouplingavailabilityofwindandsolarfrom heating and/or cooling demand (explored in more detail in the other sub-chapters). Existing use cases • Molten-saltsystemsaredeployedwidelyinCSPplants. Innovation potential • Shortterm(5years):thenextgenerationofmoltensaltscouldincreaseoperatingtemperaturerangesand performance, which would materially improve conversion efficiencies of CSP plants, and cost reductions will enhance feasibility of other technologies. More pilots could emerge for solid-state storage and novel stand-alone molten-salt thermal batteries. • Mediumterm(5-10years):costreductionsanddevelopmentsinLAES,adiabaticCAESandsolid-statesystems will enable greater use of TES across wind and solar PV generation, and also potentially serve as effective alternatives to molten salts in CSP. • Long term (>10 years): developments in thermochemical storage could enable much higher conversion efficiencies in CSP plants. Molten salt-based storage could enable fossil-fuel powered plants to be reused for renewable energy generation and storage, saving decommissioning costs. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 71PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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