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Figure 38 maps various storage technologies and what role they play in the power system. Generally speaking, most battery technologies can help with power quality and regulation, or provide bridging power services, due to the combination of their capacities and response durations. However, excluding pumped hydro and CAES, there are few storage technologies that can play an energy management role for the system, and both pumped hydro and CAES are constrained to specific geographic locations. There is an opportunity for thermal storage technologies (molten salts, LAES, CAES/A-CAES] and solid-state TES) to provide energy management services to the system, primarily due to the potential for low-cost scalability of the storage technologies. These technologies are generally not commercially available at present, but their innovation potential is outlined below. TES technologies are at varying stages of development and deployment in the power sector Figure 39 shows that the only form of TES currently used commercially in the power sector is molten salts. Current status Co-located with concentrated solar power Molten salts are used in CSP plants to improve their thermal power utilisation efficiencies. Molten-salt TES is used with CSP to store thermal energy during the day, which can subsequently be discharged to power a turbine and generate electricity during the night. Molten salts have been used in CSP plants for more than 20 years (Bundesverband Energiespeicher, 2017). There are currently 93 CSP plants operating worldwide. About half of those (47%) are currently integrated with a TES system (Pelay et al., 2017). A further 39 plants with molten-salt storage are either under construction, under contract or under development in Australia, Chile, China, India and the Middle East, accounting for over 70% of the pipeline of all CSP projects. A range of other TES technologies are being developed with applications in the power sector in mind. Figure 39 summarises them. Near- to long-term potential and expected future deployment of these technologies in key applications within the power sector are discussed below. Future outlook Co-located with CSP Operators of CSP plants that use molten-salt TES technologies face several challenges. These include: • The high cost of the molten salts used as storage media. • The need for a substantial amount of backup energy in order to minimise the risk of the salt freezing. • Reliability issues with the TES system, due in part to the corrosive nature of the molten salts. • Concerns around parasitic use, and cost of antifreeze and circulation pumping. The total installed cost for CSP plants with four to eight hours of thermal storage capacity range from USD 3183/kW to USD 8645/kW. Projects with eight hours or more of thermal storage capacity show a narrower range, between USD 4 077/kW and USD 5874/kW (IRENA, 2020b). One of the main objectives of lowering the LCOE of CSP is to reduce the cost of the thermal storage asset employed by the plant. Furthermore, to improve the overall economics of the plant, one of the principal objectives is to increase the operating temperature. High operating temperatures improve the thermal-to-electric efficiencies of CSP plants. The current restriction on plant operating temperature is the functional temperature range of the TES materials used. For example, thermal stability limits of molten-salt TES materials limit maximum operating temperatures to 565°C. For higher-temperature operation very specific thermophysical properties are required of the TES materials, including low melting points (to increase working temperature range), high heat capacities and high thermal conductivity, as well as high thermal stability. As a result, research is being conducted primarily in China and the United States to develop next-generation thermal storage materials for CSP. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 73PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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