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Table 6. Renewable technologies in industry Renewable source 2015 2050(1) Solar thermal installed capacity 0.1 GWth 134 GWth Geothermal heat 0.02 EJ/yr 4.11 EJ/yr Biomass heat 8 EJ/yr 20.2 EJ/yr Heat pumps 0.2 million units 80 Million units Hydrogen derived from renewables N/A 7 EJ/yr Note: (1) The 2050 values correspond to a Paris Agreement-aligned scenario, based largely on renewable energy sources and steadily improved energy efficiency. Note: N/A dennotes that no main needs were identified. Source: IRENA, 2018. Various issues arise when attempting to integrate renewables either for electricity generation or direct heat input in industrial processes. These include: • Industry is a for-profit enterprise in a competitive global marketplace, and therefore requires low-cost energy. • Industrial actors are generally risk averse and so new technology integration and the threat of disruption pose barriers to renewables deployment. • The variability of renewable sources of heat and electricity do not match well with the need for continuous supplies of power or process heat for some industrial applications. • The geography of existing plant infrastructure can be limiting, either due to sun/wind availability or grid restrictions. • For high-temperature processes (>400°C), no feasible technical and commercial model currently exists to directly use heat from solar thermal assets. This limits renewables integration into processes requiring high temperatures, especially where demand is variable over time (Muster-Slawitsch et al., 2016). TES deployment could help address these issues. The key use case is the decoupling of heat demand from the supply of heat or electricity, and thereby helping to integrate higher shares of renewables. Different TES technologies are suited to helping decouple different temperature classifications of heat from their source. In low-temperature processes and manufacturing applications, TES can be used to store heat generated from on-site variable solar thermal plants and heat sourced from heat pumps powered by variable renewable power. In medium- and high-temperature applications, TES can be used in conjunction with biomass-powered co-generation plants to decouple the supply of heat and electricity to the industrial plant. These use cases would enable higher utilisation of either imported or on-site renewable electricity and heat generation. In markets where there is a variable cost of electricity (e.g. as a result of time-of-use tariffs, or from temporally sensitive grid charges), TES could also be used in conjunction with heat pumps to shift demand and provide cost savings to industrial sites. A range of TES technologies are relevant for industrial applications, now and in the future Based on their relative stages of development or deployment (Figure 41) and differing ideal operational temperature ranges (Figure 40), the full suite of TES technologies finds differing applications in the sector. Current use cases, potential future deployment and innovation needed to facilitate wider use are summarised below. 78 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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