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Current status For industrial processes at low temperatures (< 90°C), the heat collected from solar thermal collectors can be used as an alternative heat source to replace the use of hydrocarbon fuels. Due to the intermittency of solar energy, storing heat in water tanks is a good option for managing thermal demand, to ensure the stability of energy supply for industrial processes. A small but growing amount of solar thermal heat is being used for industrial processes, predominantly in the mining, food and textile sub-sectors. By the end of 2018 there were 741 solar thermal plants for industrial processes installed worldwide, with a total thermal capacity of 567 megawatts thermal (Weiss and Spork- Dur, 2019). The main markets are Austria, China, France, Germany, India, Mexico and Spain. The International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heat for Industrial Processes (SHIP) database lists about 50% of all such plants as having a form of short-term TTES using water as the storage medium (Figure 42). Future outlook Salt hydration also provides an alternative for integrating solar energy in low-temperature industrial processes. The main advantages of this technology are the high heat storage capacity and the possibility of storing heat over long periods with almost no heat losses. Currently salt hydration has been tested in industry through integration into waste heat processes, such as heat recovery or heat transformation and reintegration (Richter et al., 2018). There is also 0.5 MW/10 MWh salt hydration battery being piloted in a district heating scheme in Berlin, which could be of a scale applicable to the industrial sector. Solid-state technologies are also being looked at across the energy system as a method for storing bulk energy in a cost-effective way. One example being piloted by a utility in Germany is a system that uses steel to absorb regional generation peaks of excess renewables, stores the energy as heat at temperatures of up to 650°C, and can then output both heat and electricity at a 2:1 ratio or just heat by itself. This 2.4 MWh storage pilot plant is being co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund for use in a district heating scheme at an apartment block in Berlin, and it has projected heat storage costs of USD 22-34/MWh. In the case of medium-temperature applications, high- temperature cPCMs have been proposed for industrial applications such as waste heat recovery and also for coupling with solar energy systems. Compared with sensible energy storage technologies, cPCMs can provide a more compact system due to their higher energy density, which is useful when space constraints need to be considered. The system can store solar energy to satisfy the later heat needs of the industrial site. Industries such as cement production and manufacturing of non-metallic materials may become end users of this technology. Chemical looping could potentially be used to increase the share of renewables in the manufacturing sector, where there is a need for high temperatures (above 400°C) (Miró, Gasia and Isa Cabeza, 2016). Thermochemical systems commonly require higher temperatures to initiate the energy storage, but conversely provide higher temperatures on the release of that energy. They are still at the basic research stage of development. Chemical looping in the form of high-efficiency calcium looping technology has been trialled in Taiwan as a carbon capture method for the cement industry (ITRI, 2014). However, chemical looping specifically aimed at better integrating renewables in industry is not yet at this stage. Technical innovation is required for TES to fully contribute to decarbonisation in industry Table 7 provides a summary of the key metrics for innovation in TES technologies, materials science and systems engineering for industrial applications. 80 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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