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Common development and innovation objectives across the different TES technologies are: • Develop TES materials that are more suitable for use in industrial processes based on properties such as operational temperature ranges and discharge power. • Develop systematic approaches for designing TES systems to better integrate renewable technologies in industrial process. Enhanced system modularity could be used to address issues of scale. Design and engineering priorities will focus on the efficiencies of heat transfer systems, for example. • Develop advanced control and operation systems for TES, to ensure storage is stable and flexible for high- tariff industrial processes. A range of more applied development and innovation needs are now explored for each technology family. Sensible Although sensible heat storage is used widely in a range of applications, and over a wide temperature range, research challenges still exist. Natural variations in the thermal characteristics of solid-state materials limit their utility, caused by geological aspects such as the proportion of minerals and impurities existing in the rock (Meier, Winkler and Wuillemin, 1991). Limited research has been done on their thermophysical properties and mechanical behaviour at elevated temperatures, and this is a future focus area. Currently (even) lower-cost systems using recycled waste materials are proposed, offering sustainable options with improved performance (IRENA, 2014). These new options need to be studied further. Specifically, the compatibility between the storage material and the system heat transfer fluid has to be analysed, insulation materials need to be improved, and specific use cases need to be developed. In systems employing tank storage with solar heating, control and management of the heating system is the main challenge. Using solar energy for industrial heating is currently limited due to changing solar irradiance through weather conditions, time of day and seasonality. The key to managing these challenges in future systems with enhanced TTES deployment will be advanced control and metering systems to manage generation, storage and use of energy. Latent High-temperature cPCMs offer the potential to meet storage needs for higher-temperature industrial processes, improving on currently deployed sensible materials. Given their comparatively high costs, initial development will focus on achieving material and efficiency improvements to deliver economies of scale. They face similar integration challenges to sensible materials, and indeed these are exacerbated by their relatively early stage of development and deployment. Demonstration projects are needed to prove the performance of the system under different operational conditions and working temperature ranges, and to better investigate systems integration approaches for these technologies. Thermochemical The challenges and opportunities of chemical looping in industrial settings are similar to those described in the previous section on their use with CSP. Calcium looping presents the greatest solar energy hybridisation potential due to its high energy density (Pardo et al., 2014). However, other chemical reactions could be also applied to industrial processes at high temperature, such as lead oxide (PbO) and copper oxide (CuO) looping (Cao and Pan, 2006). Since the application of this technology is less developed for industrial processes, new reactions should be investigated to adapt to specific sector requirements. Chemical looping is at an early stage of development when it comes to solar heat for industrial processes. Further research and pilot demonstrations are required that focus on its integration with solar systems, in particular examining control systems and measures required to manage high-tariff heat demand for industrial processes. Salt hydration is also at an early stage of development for applications in the industrial setting. The storage material and application strongly affect the performance, cost, stability and utility of these systems. Therefore, first steps must focus on evaluating the merits of using existing working salt pairs by studying their material properties in operation conditions. Salt hydrates might find application in next-generation industrial heat pumps. Such heat pumps, sometimes 82 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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