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The cold chain is typically made up of the following parts: • Production: cold storage at the site of production, e.g. at a dairy, fishery, fruit farm. • Transport: cold storage during transport from the site of production to the site of retail or storage. • Storage and retail: cold storage at warehouses and retail sites run by distributors (e.g. a supermarket chain). • Consumer: cold storage up until the point of use in the form of refrigeration, in homes and workplaces. The cold chain is very well established in developed countries, with most cooling requirements met by electrified grid-connected refrigerators. However, diesel generators are frequently used to power warehouses without grid connections, and in refrigerated trucks and other vehicles. There is a critical difference between developed and emerging economies. For example, in Europe the embedded energy in all food consumed accounts for over 25% of the EU-27’s total final energy consumption (Dallemand et al., 2015). By contrast, developing countries often have limited or no established functional cold chain. However, the demand for cold storage is increasing in developing countries with burgeoning populations and growing economies. This is particularly true in countries experiencing rapid urbanisation, with shifts in lifestyles and diets reflected in energy consumption profiles. For example, between 1995 and 2007 domestic refrigeration ownership in China’s urban population increased from 7% to 95% (Birmingham Energy Institute, 2015). Also, the hygiene requirements of the food sector in developing countries is driving the increasing demand for cold chain energy . Growing demand for cold chain services has significant impacts upon global energy systems, including: • Continuous high-tariff electrical demand from electrified refrigeration. Ensuring product freshness requires constant energy-intensive cooling. With most refrigeration being electrified, this places demand on existing electricity networks, and growth in demand will require increasing deployment of renewables to maintain the pace of decarbonisation. • In developing countries, which often have weak grids and frequent power cuts, especially in rural areas where agriculture is located, the introduction and development of cold chains is even more challenging. Increasing cooling loads onto these grid types will present additional problems for grid operators in these environments. • The continued transition from diesel-powered to electrical cooling in cold storage centres and refrigeration vehicles will result in the need for efficient peak-load management in electricity grids. Cooling load peaks typically occur during summer when temperatures are hottest and when the energy system is already under strain from other demand. Deploying TES could contribute to addressing these challenges in the global cold chain Using TES to decouple the production of cold from electrical supply at peak demand could have substantial benefits for electricity system operators. It could help to reduce the reliance on thermal plants during peak hours, reducing system costs and lowering emissions. Using TES to reduce peak demand for cooling could help to defer network reinforcement. Where relevant, cold storage with the aid of solar powered absorption chillers or solar PV panels can contribute to addressing challenges associated with poor grid reliability by providing decentralised sources of decarbonised cold. In grids with a high penetration of renewables, the addition of TES provides an opportunity to absorb excess renewable production and use it for cooling, helping to reduce curtailment (and subsequent curtailment payments) and improving the utilisation of renewable generation. As a result, sector coupling between the transport and power sectors is possible by employing thermal storage in refrigeration vehicles and displacing diesel-powered fridges (in addition to electrifying the vehicles themselves), or using liquid air to power vehicle auxiliary systems while providing cooling at the same time. In a future where electric vehicles may be the norm, having a thermal storage system on board could increase the range of the vehicles by reducing power demand for air conditioning. 84 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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