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Existing use cases demonstrate the scope for TES to aid renewables deployment in cooling Several companies that serve markets in Africa, China, Europe, India and the Middle East have integrated engineered PCMs into refrigerated vehicles and containers for food or vaccine transport and/or storage. It is estimated that almost 30% of food is lost globally as a result of cooling limitations in the cold chain (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2015). However the global cold chain is expanding. The total capacity of refrigerated warehouses in 2016 was 600 million m3, with an annual growth rate of 4.2% (GCCA, 2016). Furthermore, the global refrigerated vehicle fleet stood at 4 million in 2015, and could grow to 18 million by 2025 (Birmingham Energy Institute, 2015). An anticipated 31 GW of extra power generation is expected to be needed to supply the projected increase in fridges in developing countries (Birmingham Energy Institute, 2015). TES can play a role in ensuring that these power needs are met by renewable generation sources. Case study 2. Thermal storage for freight containers World-first cold storage freight container Academics based at the University of Birmingham (UK) Centre for Energy Storage recently collaborated with a Chinese rail haulage maintenance and manufacturing company to demonstrate a PCM-based cooling system on board interchangeable road and rail units. The system maintained storage temperatures at the target of between 5°C and 12°C for up to 120 hours. The cold storage containers were transported 35 000 kilometres on road, and a further 1 000 kilometres on rails, across a range of climatic zones. The project team has noted that other haulage and transport companies have expressed an interest in the studied container. Storage temperatures are maintained more consistently in the new container than in mechanical alternatives. Further, as the containers do not need a power supply, they can be more effectively transported between different transport types, such as rail to road in this case (University of Birmingham, 2018). Case study 3. Smart refrigeration providing demand-side management services at commercial retail sites Smart refrigeration in retail sites provides peak-shaving service in the United States An innovative company in the United States is using PCMs to provide energy management solutions for supermarkets and commercial buildings with high refrigeration-based energy loads. Their product is a refrigeration battery that works by storing low-cost off-peak electricity in a frozen saltwater solution at night, then, during peak hours, when electricity and demand charges are highest, the system discharges to provide cooling. This significantly reduces peak load for the building. A cloud platform evaluates the energy use and electricity rates to optimise system operation and maximise savings. In this way, operational costs from electricity bills, and business risks are reduced. To date this product has been deployed twice at pilot scale for two major US supermarket chains. This example of TES integration in retail cooling is a world first (Axiom Cloud Inc., n.d.). THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 85PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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