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Figure 43. Commercial readiness of TES technologies in the cold chain Sensible Latent N/A Thermo- chemical Mechanical- thermal Liquid absorbtion2,3 Low-temperature PCMs1,2 Sub-zero PCMs1,2 Ice1,2 LAES1,2,3 Applied research Prototype Demonstration Commercial Notes: (1) For the storage of cold (2) For refrigerated (3)For the production of cold. Other TES technologies are at various stages of deployment in the cold chain Based on their relative stages of development or deployment (Figure 43), a range of TES technologies find differing applications in the cold chain sector. Current use cases, potential future deployment and innovation needed to facilitate wider use are summarised below. Current status Ice can partially or fully replace the operation of refrigeration units at peak hours, using off-peak or on-site renewable generation to convert water to ice. When cooling is required, thermal energy is extracted from the cold store using a heat transfer fluid and is absorbed by the ice. Sub-zero and low-temperature PCMs can be used to store cold energy from room temperature down to -114°C (PCM Products, n.d.).The cold could be generated from renewable electricity by electrical chillers or solar absorption systems. Normally the PCM is encapsulated in modules or containers and can be used as backup or replacement for refrigeration systems at peak hours, or to directly provide cooling by installing it in the cold storage container (Oró et al., 2012). For refrigerated trucks or aeroplanes, PCM modules can either be built into the vehicle walls or the air conditioner unit. PCMs have been developed that keep refrigerated vehicles maintained at a constant temperature for up to 72 hours (Huang and Piontek, 2017). In static applications PCMs have also been shown to help reduce the physical size of storage required by up to 40% for solar absorption cooling systems, reducing system costs (Hirmiz, Lightstone and Cotton, 2018). PCMs provide a higher energy density than ice, and therefore require less space, making them more appropriate for refrigerated vehicles since space (and weight) would ideally be minimised. Future outlook Less mature technologies show great promise in the cold chain. Their potential is outlined below, and the next section provides insight into innovation challenges that will need to be addressed before these solutions can become more mainstream. 86 INNOVATION OUTLOOK Type of TESPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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