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Figure 44. A vision for the use of LAES in the integrated cold chain of the future LNG TERMINAL WIND ENERGY OR OTHER FORMS OF OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY LIQUEFACTION LIQUID AIR STORAGE TANK REFUELLING STATION COLD STORAGE TANK POWER RECOVERY COOLING FACTORIES/ INDUSTRIES AS A FUEL FOR HYBRID VEHICLES ALSO PROVIDE ‘FREE’ AIR CONDITIONING OR REFRIGERATION POWER LIQUID AIR WASTE COLD RECYCLE WASTE HEAT RECYCLE LIQUID AIR STORAGE TANK TRANSPORTED ONSITE PROVIDE COOLING FOR SUPERMARKETS, DATACENTRES, ETC PEAK/SECURITY SUPPLY ELECTRICITY ZERO EMISSION REMOTE BACK-UP POWER LIQUID AIR STORAGE TANK POWER RECOVERY FUEL FOR ZERO EMISSIONS VEHICLES CO-LOCATED GENERATION OR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Source: Birmingham Energy Institute, 2015. Cold energy generated from renewable thermal energy sources (such as solar and biomass co-generation) could be stored using absorption systems. Due to the high energy density and minimal thermal losses seen for these systems, cold could be stored for both short and long timescales (such as inter-seasonally) for space cooling in the cold chain. Liquid air produced using electricity from renewable sources could be used in the future to store cold. The air is liquefied via cooling to -192°C. The liquid air can then later be used to provide space cooling on or off site, or indeed on board refrigerated vehicles. Alongside release of cold, there is a volume expansion associated with converting the air back to gas, which can drive engines and produce emission-free power. Figure 44 depicts a LAES plant that integrates renewable generation with liquid air for transport and grid applications. Material and system innovations will help deliver TES solutions fit for the future cold chain A summary of the key metrics for innovation is shown in Table 8, while Table 9 shows the anticipated materials science and systems engineering development priorities for TES systems used in cold chain applications. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 87 LAES LIQUID AIR ENERGY STORAGE PLANT CRYOGENSETPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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