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Table 8. Key metrics for technological innovation of TES in the cold chain Attribute Latent Thermochemical Mechanical-thermal 2018 2030 2050 2018 2030 2050 2018 2030 2050 Cost (USD/kWh) 58-230 45-185 35-140 12-150 12-120 < 95 demon- stration commercial Efficiency (%) > 90 > 92 > 95 COP 0.6-0.8 (1) N/A Energy density (kWh/m3) 30-92 180-310 78 Lifetime (years or cycles) 5-20 years 10-25 years 10-30 years 20 years 20-25 years > 25 years 20-40 years Operating temperature (°C) -115 to 8 -150 to 8 5-30 -150 to ambient Note: (1) Value not available due to low technology readiness level; N/A dennotes that no main needs were identified. Table 9. Key material and system innovation needs for TES technologies used in cold chain applications TES technology Innovation needs Ice • Research new operation strategies such as full storage or partial storage • Reduce localised ice formation during charging to increase charging rate and efficiency Low-temperature and < 0 °C PCMs • Improve thermal conductivity; avoid corrosion and supercooling • Pursue novel composite with low-cost materials • Minimise phase segregation through development of anti-corrosion container materials • Explore the use of cold storage at sub-zero temperatures Absorption System • Address crystallisation properties and the difficulties on the working pairs separation • Research alternative sorbents to increase absorption rate • Decrease temperature of driving heat source • Research new configurations to increase absorption rate of the double-effect absorption system • Enhance efficiency, reduce the space for the network components and avoid corrosion LAES • Optimise the design of cryogenic engine • Reduce operating cost by using liquid air instead of liquid nitrogen • Work with equipment manufacturers to revise the design of some off-the-shelf components to reduce costs • Develop new applications such as emergency backup power, supermarkets and data centres 88 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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