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Latent Thermochemical For sub-zero temperature PCMs, costs can be reduced by developing new eutectic mixtures of inorganic salts using lower cost components. For example, it is possible to replace lithium chloride (> USD 250/kg) with sodium chloride (< USD 20/kg), resulting in a cost reduction of the overall mixture. Currently sub-zero temperature PCMs are mainly used in food storage or cooling in transport refrigeration units, but other applications and use cases are worth consideration. Refrigeration trucks with PV panels and PCMs have been already proposed, as they have an important advantage over battery systems in that they weigh less. However, this option is geography dependent, as the intermittency of renewables and solar irradiation plays an important role in their feasibility (Li and Zheng, 2016). Corrosion of the container is another issue that most of the inorganic materials present. This could lead to poor thermal performance and also leakage of the salt mixtures in use. Suitable container and coating materials have to be carefully selected to minimise the corrosion and extend device lifespans (Ferrer et al., 2015), and these are the subject of R&D activities. The EU-funded project FRISBEE is investigating which PCMs are best suited to different temperature ranges in the cold chain. It has generated a software tool that evaluates the thermophysical properties of a large number of salt hydrates and water alcohol solutions that are suited to a phase-change temperature of between -60°C and 6°C. Furthermore, it has looked into reducing and controlling the capsule morphology of the PCM to the nanoscale so that they can be more easily incorporated for food packaging. The material pairs used in absorption systems determine their operational temperature ranges and system efficiencies (Hui et al., 2011). Both parameters must be optimised to enhance system feasibility. New absorption pairs are in development to achieve wider working temperature ranges and improve process efficiencies. Although a high energy storage density of the materials has been demonstrated (Ibrahim, Al-Sulaiman and Ani, 2018), the system design and performance need to be tested to ensure that these systems can provide long lifetimes. Further understanding of the system and demonstrators are needed to prove the technology under real-world conditions. Mechanical-thermal Currently liquid nitrogen is the most common cold “vector” used for providing cooling in the cold chain. However, liquid air provides a potentially cheaper alternative due to the fact that no gas separation process is required in its production. Currently the most studied cold-chain application for LAES is the cryogenic engine for refrigerated transport. Truck demonstrators have been designed and are being tested to prove economic viability. Different applications for LAES are also being explored that require flexible cooling and power. For example, LAES systems (integrated with cold storage to keep the efficiency at reasonable levels) are anticipated for use in in emergency power and cooling backup systems for supermarkets and data centres (Dearman Engine, no date). THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 89PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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