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This is critical when the scheme provides a continuous supply of heat and cold to a wide variety of customers and also has to integrate renewable generation sources that are variable in nature, such as solar thermal. This means that renewable generators can be run when they are available, stored at times of low demand and then discharged during times of higher demand and low supply, thereby increasing the utilisation of generation. Key use cases show that TES is already facilitating renewables deployment in district heating/cooling, and will continue to do so in the future UTES technologies are commonly deployed alongside district heating and cooling schemes in China (Nordell, 2000), North America (IEA, 2014) and northern Europe. Seasonal storage schemes using BTES have been trialled in Canada and Denmark, and there are several projects being developed in the Tibet region of China. There are an estimated 80 000 district heating schemes globally. The majority of these schemes operate in colder climates, with high implementation rates in northern China, northern Europe and Russia. For example, district heating supplies 51% and 34% of the heat demand in Denmark and Poland respectively (Werner, 2017). District heating schemes are most applicable in dense urban or industrial areas, in countries with cool climates. Renewable district heating projects primarily use biomass or co-generation; however, there have been demonstration projects in Canada and Denmark that use solar thermal panels to supply heat. UTES can be used for both district cooling and heating schemes, but its utility can be limited by strict geographical and geological constraints. ATES requires the presence of an aquifer, whereas BTES can be limited by the quality of the subsurface. Where ATES is not appropriate, closed-loop BTES can be implemented (Mott MacDonald, n.d.). UTES can be used for both seasonal and short-term cold and heat storage (Sarbu and Sebarchievici, 2018). The majority of district cooling is delivered in the Middle East and the United States, with schemes also operating in Australia, Europe and Japan (Cecca, Benassis and Poeuf, 2010; Paksoy, 2013; JCU, 2014; Asian Development Bank, 2017; IRENA, 2017c). In the United Arab Emirates over 20% of the total space-cooling load is met through district cooling (IRENA, 2017c). There is an emerging market in China, with 833 projects reported across the country in 2013 (Paksoy, 2013). The primary users are service-sector and residential buildings for space cooling (Werner, 2017) Typically schemes will employ either chilled water tanks or ice as a form of cold storage, as well as absorption chillers (Asian Development Bank, 2017). District cooling schemes are found across a range of latitudes, implying its deployment is largely independent of climate (IRENA, 2017c). Short-term cold storage using ice is typically deployed where there is a variable power supply and cooling load. Ice storage has a high energy density, making it preferable for use in urban areas as it only requires 25% of the space needed by chilled water tanks (FVB Energy, n.d.). UTES can be used to provide long-term cold storage, but is restricted in its applicability by the subsurface environment. Various TES technologies are deployed in district heating and cooling Figure 45 summarises the state of TES deployment in district heating/cooling. These are discussed by technology category below. 92 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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