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Case study 4. Solar-powered district heating scheme with seasonal storage Seasonal BTES allowed district heating scheme to supply near 100% renewable heat in Canada Drakes Landing was a technical demonstration project that utilised solar thermal energy and seasonal UTES for a district heating scheme supplying a residential community of 52 houses in Alberta, Canada. It was born out of the desire to improve the efficacy of seasonal storage for district heating. A total of 1.5 MW of solar thermal capacity installed on the garages of each house captured solar energy during the summer before storing it underground using BTES. In winter months, during periods of high heating demand, heat was extracted from the stores and distributed to each home. The project enabled the provision of almost 100% of space heating from local solar thermal generation. Through effective energy storage, the project demonstrated that the problem of seasonal mismatch between supply of renewable energy and the demand for heat could be resolved. As a result, each household’s GHG emissions were reduced by more than 80% per annum. There are several non-technical barriers to its replication. The financial risk is currently a critical one. In Canada the availability of cheap gas dampens the potential market demand for seasonal storage schemes. In other countries such as Denmark, where energy prices are increasing, other seasonal thermal storage projects for district heating schemes have sprung up (e.g. Vojens). It is expected that such a project would have to be about 8-10 times larger to be commercially viable. In order to make the system more commercially attractive, it is therefore necessary to bring down costs. However, the BTES only accounted for 10-20% of the total cost of the system, implying that it is the cost of the solar thermal collectors that are hindering the spread of similar projects. Drakes Landing’s scheme was operated by a gas utility, but was also reliant on a housing developer. Bringing together diverse stakeholders can also be difficult, as no one party wants to shoulder the burden of the financial risk. In this case it was taken on by government, suggesting there may be a role for public-sector intervention in future projects (Sibbitt, B. et al., 2015). Future outlook PCMs based on eutectic mixtures of salts and water with melting temperatures of around 7-8 °C could be used instead of chilled water or ice storage. The charging efficiency is higher than ice storage due to a higher charging temperature, and the required tank volume is significantly reduced compared to those containing chilled water. High-temperature PCMs could be successfully implemented for district heating applications. The high storage density and higher thermal conductivity of the systems enables the storage of large amounts of energy in a smaller storage volume, when compared to sensible technologies. This storage technology could be used for both the short and long term in district heating, coupled with renewable energy systems such solar thermal and wind. A first-of-its-kind 6 MW/36 MWh high-temperature cPCM demonstration plant has been operational since September 2016 in northern China. More details about this project can be found in Case study 1. Thermochemical storage provides several key advantages over other types of storage. The energy density of such systems is about three to six times higher compared to other TES systems like TTES, reducing spatial requirements. Furthermore, thermal losses are minimal, and it may be possible to transport the thermochemical storage systems for remote use. 94 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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