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Salt hydrates sorption systems have been studied in demonstration projects for use in the residential and commercial sectors to cover the demand of a stand- alone building. They could be potentially implemented in district networks, coupled to a solar collector or co-generation plant as a source of energy to heat the hydrated salt. The system would be charged in summer for the purpose of stored heat to be used during the winter season, to cover the hot water and heating demand in the network. Absorption systems are a promising technology because they can be pumped and used as the working heat transfer fluid in a district network. This permits the use of heat sources far away from the service location. Absorption systems have been applied in the refrigeration sector for a long time, but are a promising candidate when it comes to district cooling. Absorption heat pumps can be used to provide refrigeration and space conditioning from low-grade heat (solar collectors) within a district heating infrastructure. Absorption systems allow cooling loads to be shifted temporally, so that the system can take advantage of ambient conditions that are more amenable to efficient refrigeration operation. Enhanced efficiencies in TES will continue to improve the feasibility of co-deployed district heating and cooling Table 10 shows a summary of the key objectives for technological innovation within components of TES for district heating and cooling. Sensible There are no standard designs for UTES installations. Each facility is unique as it is designed for the particular location and application, although the component pumps, pipes and heat exchangers are standard industrial products. Therefore, UTES cannot be industrially commercialised in the traditional sense (Nielsen, 2003). Besides that, one of the main challenges facing UTES systems are their possible environmental impact as they can threaten local ecosystems. Currently several studies are being undertaken to understand the environmental effect of ATES systems. Scientists need to study the impacts of UTES on groundwater, and cross-sectoral subsurface planning is required to minimise negative conflicts between UTES and other subsurface interests (Bonte, 2015). New systems using temperatures in the range of 40 - 90°C need to be further studied, as they can store heat from power plants, industrial processes, geothermal or solar energy and later on be used as back-up capacity to be released at high demand. Higher temperatures result in higher system heat losses, and the scaling and clogging of the components of the system due to particles, gas bubbles, bacterial growth and precipitation of minerals. Component corrosion also needs to be tested to better predict the lifetime of the installation. For higher-temperature storage the use of water-based storage systems is limited. That presents a serious challenge to making UTES more efficient for seasonal storage. Therefore, other candidate storage media with high specific heat, thermal conductivity and low cost need to be selected and studied (RHC-Platform, 2012). Case study 5. Salt hydration thermal storage being prototyped for a Berlin district heating scheme Demonstration of salt hydration thermal storage system enabling co-generation flexibility A 0.5 MW/10 MWh sorption-based storage solution was piloted during in 2019 at a co-generation plant in Berlin, Germany. The sorption system was charged at times of excess power supply, either from the grid or from the co-located co-generation plant. When required, heat was then discharged from the plant into Berlin’s district heat network. This project was intended to decouple the production of heat from the production of electricity, for example in situations when heat is required but there is no need for the power supplied by the co-generation plant. The technology uses nano-coated salts to minimise salt degradation issues and maintain optimum efficiencies after high numbers of charge cycles (Vattenfall and SaltX Techonolgy, 2019). THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 95PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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