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3.5 Buildings The buildings sector covers both commercial and residential premises, encompassing around 150 billion square metres of floor space. Energy is used in buildings for space heating, space cooling, hot water and cooking. With 3% annual global growth in the building footprint predicted for the foreseeable future, total energy consumption in the sector is expected to rise (IEA, 2017). As such, decarbonisation efforts will need to intensify in the future, and increased adoption of buildings-scale renewables generation is anticipated. The main challenges impeding further renewables deployment in buildings focus on managing potential peaks in electricity demand and ensuring that energy supply (including heating/cooling) and varying demand can be matched efficiently. Driving constant improvements in energy efficiency will be a priority in managing demand. Further global focus will be required on scaling up heat pump deployment while doubling heat delivered by district heating systems powered by renewables. Need for TES TES in buildings • In cold climates TES can support heat pump deployment by adding demand-side flexibility, reducing potential peaks and the need for network reinforcement, and increasing the utilisation of off-peak renewable generation. • InwarmclimatesTEScanhelpreduceissuesassociatedwiththeduck-curve,byshiftingcoolingloadsand decreasing system stress as a result. • Decentralisedheat/coldstoragecouldalsoreducegriddependencyandenhancesecurityofenergysupplyin buildings in areas where the grid is weak or unreliable. Existing use cases • WaterTTESiswidelyusedacrosstheworldforstoringheatinbuildings. • PCM and solid-state thermal batteries, and ice storage that replaces air-conditioning units are proven technologies, but have only been deployed on a relatively minor scale. • UTEShasbeenusedinvariouscases,withtheutilityofsmaller(individualbuilding)scaleinstallationsbeing studied. Innovation potential • Shortterm(5years):PCMthermalbatteriescombinedwithenergymanagementsystemsarebeingtrialled. Trials could demonstrate how such batteries can use off-peak power to decarbonise heat and save consumers money. A development in materials to improve thermal properties and corrosion resistance in TTES and solid-state TES technologies could improve efficiency, and enhanced innovations in integration and control systems will improve cost-effectiveness. • Mediumterm(5-10years):Costreductionsandtechnicalimprovementsinnext-generationhigh-andlow- temperature PCMs and cPCMs could help increase deployment of latent thermal storage in buildings. • Long term (> 10 years): R&D activities focusing on realising material and system improvements in thermochemical TES technologies could see them move onto demonstration. 98 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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