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Case study 7. PCM thermal batteries with smart energy management to enable integration of off-peak renewables Thermal batteries using PCMs provide cost and carbon savings to UK households compared to gas boilers In the last decade the United Kingdom has seen significant progress in decarbonising its power system. However, only 16% of final household energy consumption is electricity – 81% is heat. The fact that 90% of UK homes rely on gas heating means that, overall, domestic heating results in 25% of the country’s total carbon footprint. Therefore if the country wants to achieve its recently declared goal of net-zero emissions by 2050, a significant challenge will be how to decarbonise domestic heat. Thermal batteries that use PCMs could form part of the solution. One such battery uses an inorganic salt hydrate, sodium acetate, which has a phase change temperature of 58°C. The PCM technology has been engineered so that it can run 41 000 cycles without any degradation. The thermal battery has four times the energy density of a water TTES, and is non-toxic and non-flammable. Over a 15-year time period, which is less than half the potential lifetime of the battery, the battery can deliver heat at about USD 0.05/kWh, which is considerably less expensive than the equivalent energy stored in an electrochemical battery. Given that the lifetime is expected to be considerably longer, and degradation impacts are negligible, the thermal battery is a much more cost-effective solution for providing energy for heat than electrochemical batteries. The latest battery is claimed to be 60-90% cheaper than the cheapest Li-ion alternative, per unit of energy stored. The technology can be used in conjunction with rooftop PV, grid electricity or using a heat pump. It has been involved in several trials. The first, which involved seven households, started in 2013 and has shown how household heating running costs are 50% lower compared to a gas-powered boiler. The next generation of batteries was trialled on a larger scale across 600 households in Scotland, 404 of which had rooftop solar PV included. It has shown that the majority of the tenants saved money. In 2019 the UK government announced that it was awarding USD 2 million to fund a trial for the developer of the battery technology to work with an energy supplier to allow domestic customers to heat their homes with low-cost renewable electricity during off-peak times, enabled through the use of the supplier’s energy management platform. This pilot aims to demonstrate the feasibility of smart electric central heating on the mass market. Such a system could be critical to the future of the United Kingdom’s domestic heating plans, as the UK government announced in 2019 that it would ban gas heating in new houses by 2025. It shows how TES can be used to increase demand-side flexibility, something that will be critical to supporting grid stability if the widespread electrification of heat takes off (Sunamp Ltd, 2019). 100 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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