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The technology is at an early stage of deployment in the buildings sector, but it has shown great potential given that its theoretical energy density is 5-10 times higher than traditional heat storage techniques such as water tanks (van Essen et al., 2010). Different integration schemes have been proposed according to the storage material, system and application needs (Mette, Kerskes and Drück, 2012): integration into a building’s ventilation system (MonoSorp project [Bales et al., 2007]), integration into a buildings ventilation wall (SolSpaces project), or integration into a solar thermal combi system with a separate reactor and material reservoir (CWS-NT-concept). In the case of integration into a building’s ventilation system, the heat store is designed to be integrated into a building with a controlled ventilation system and with heat recovery using solar collectors as a renewable energy source. The other option is to integrate the sorption unit within the building’s wall. The proposed system divides the sorption store into several segments by separating absorption and desorption, which has the advantage of reducing the storage amount. Integration into a solar thermal combi system entails a reservoir material and a reactor where the charging/discharging takes place. Absorption cooling systems are a novel form of thermochemical heat storage that can help integrate renewables in buildings. Large-scale heat-driven absorption cooling systems are available in the market for industrial applications, but the concept of a solar-driven system for air-conditioning applications is relatively new. Solar thermal cooling can reduce energy needs during peak periods in summer by replacing electrically driven air-conditioning systems with thermally driven air conditioning. The absorption cycle is more suitable for low-grade heat utilisation and allows faster heat and mass transfer rates than other sorption systems. Innovation in materials science and system integration will see TES capacities improve Table 11 shows a summary of the key objectives for technological innovation within components of TES for buildings. Sensible The main challenges of UTES for residential and commercial applications is scaling down the system designs. For small-scale applications, the undersized BTES volume will result in greater heat losses and inefficiencies (Lanahan and Tabares-Velasco, 2017). Moreover, the high capital cost for the construction of BTES highlights the importance of numerical simulations to ensure economic and thermodynamic feasibility. Table 11. Key objectives for the technological innovation of TES for buildings Attribute Sensible Latent Thermochemical 2018 2030 2050 2018 2030 2050 2018 2030 2050 Cost (USD/kWh) 0.1-35 0.1-25 0.1-15 60-230 60-185 60-140 15-150 Pilot scale 12-80 Demon- stration < 80 Efficiency (%) 55-90 65-90 75-90 > 90 > 92 > 95 50-65 (1) Energy density (kWh/m3) 15-80 (2) 30-135 120-250 Lifetime (years or cycles) 10-30 years 15-30 years 20-30 years > 10 years > 15 years > 20 years 15-20 years 20-25 years > 30 years Operating temperature (°C) 5-95 5 to > 95 0 to up to 750 15-150 Notes: (1) Value not available due to low technology readiness level; (2) Depends on working temperature range. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 103PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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