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Competing technologies Various types of energy storage (electrochemical batteries, for example) can provide services similar to TES in the current power system. If further innovation in batteries (particularly Li-ion) continues to drive down prices, partly due to the rapid deployment of electric vehicles, this situation may set a complex cost- competitiveness scenario for TES technologies. Heat pumps may supply a proportion of heat through electricity at a domestic level, but it is yet to be seen whether this technology can alone meet the challenges of heating provision. At domestic and industrial levels, renewable heating and cooling will be required at different scales, meaning TES might be in a better position to provide possible pathways. Similarly, there might also be an increased level of competition from alternative heat decarbonisation technologies. For example, hydrogen gas could theoretically use existing underground gas network infrastructure already installed in some countries and provide an alternative vector to natural gas. This example demonstrates the need for the adopted solution to be adapted to the local context. 4.2 Available support mechanisms A range of interventions are available to policy makers to help accelerate the deployment of TES technologies in target sectors. These measures cover all stages of development, from the R&D stage, through demonstration, to commercial deployment. The highlighted interventions are listed in Figure 47, classified as technology push support, market pull support and overall enabling regulation and ecosystem support. Figure 47. Menu of policy options for advancing the commercialisation of TES technologies Basic research R&D Demonstration Deployment Commercialisation Technology push support Enabling Education and research support • Scholarships/fellowships, • Secondments • Awards/prizes • Industry/university grants visas and secondments • Subsidies/incentives • Equpment sharing • Lab funding Market pull support Demonstration support • Set up commercial vehicles • Test hubs • Industry/stakeholder consortia • Collaborative grant calls Enterprise support • Technology incubators • Training schemes and • Company skills support education policy Investment support • Public venturing • Guarantees/loss underwriting • Tax incentives • Private venture support • Insurance Price support • Feed-in tariffs • Tradable certificates • Bidding/tendering • Carbon pricing (cap and trade/tax) Command and control • Public procurement • Portfolio • Local purchase rules standards Knowledge sharing and diffusion (ecosystem support) • International cooperation • Media campaigns • Road-mapping/goal setting • Product labelling/certification • Training • Innovation clusters • Patent datatbases • Articulation of private demand Enabling regulation • Planning • Market regulation • IP protection • Flexibility markets • Buildings codes • Heat pumps Systems support • District heating/cooling • Variable renewable energy • Integrated energy policy THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 109PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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