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Technology push Market pull Technology push support is generally implemented near the beginning of a technology venture’s commercialisation journey as the technology itself is being developed. It can be categorised into education and research support, demonstration support, and enterprise support. • Education and research support focuses primarily at the early stage of the commercialisation journey, and includes interventions such as the provision of scholarships, visas and secondments, lab funding, industry and university grants, and the founding of academic awards and prizes. • Demonstration support focuses on testing unproven technologies in laboratory and operational environments through mechanisms such as test hubs, joint industry projects, funding for pilot-scale demonstrations, innovation competitions, etc. • Technology developers are often spin-outs from academic institutions, large companies or technical experts with little experience in commercialisation. Once the technology has been demonstrated to work, the journey towards commercialisation begins. This requires an entirely different skillset of developers who up to this point may only have had technical expertise. As such, enterprise support in the form of technology incubators, training schemes and education policy, or company skills support can help technology start-ups begin to build or improve upon their commercial offering. Market pull support is provided once a technology has been proven, to try to make it commercially competitive and achieve successful levels of deployment. Support can be classified into investment support, price support, and command and control support. These support mechanisms tend to be more relevant once the technology has been proven technically and commercially. • Investment support involves providing various forms of capital for commercial ventures, through mechanisms such as public or private venturing or by reducing costs via tax incentives, loss underwriting and insurance. • Price support includes a range of mechanisms that can help improve the competitiveness of a technology with an additional source of revenue for technology implementers, helping to de-risk the financial proposition of the technology to investors. Mechanisms include feed-in tariffs, tradeable certificates, carbon pricing or cap and trade schemes, and bidding and tendering support (e.g. contracts for difference). • Command and control mechanisms use a top- down approach to pull technologies to market using measures such as public procurement, local purchase rules and portfolio standards. Case study 9. Technology push interventions for LAES in the United Kingdom LAES in the United Kingdom The liquid air storage industry in the United Kingdom has been subject to examples of all three technology push support approaches. In 2013 the Birmingham Centre for Cryogenic Energy Storage and the Birmingham Centre for Thermal Energy Storage were established with a GBP 13.6 million grant from UK industry and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council – an example of education and research support. An enterprise seeking to bring these technologies to market was assisted by a grant-funded clean-tech incubator, aiding the development of commercial skills and a business strategy. Demonstration support has been provided consistently, most recently in 2018 for a 5 MW/15 MWh LAES project near Manchester that is being built with the support of about GBP 10 million of government grant funding (Innovate UK, 2020). 110 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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