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Case study 10. California demonstrates market pull intervention with mandate for energy storage California Storage Mandate One example of policy directly encouraging energy storage through market pulls techniques is the California Storage Mandate in the United States. Initiated in 2013 by the California Public Utilities Commission, the requirements were that the three largest investor-owned utility companies in California should add 1.3 GW of energy storage to their portfolios by 2020. It is possible that California’s ambitious target of deriving 50% of the state’s electricity from renewable sources has resulted in more energy storage projects being planned or announced. However, this renewable electricity target is coupled with an effort from state legislators to resolve storage-related complexities, including how energy storage is classed and regulated (Hill and Williams, 2016). Enablers Policy makers have a range of enabling interventions available to them to benefit a technology either directly or indirectly. These measures are relevant at various stages of the commercialisation journey. • Knowledge sharing and diffusion (ecosystem support) are essentially awareness raising through different means. Examples include media campaigns, training workshops, road-mapping, product labelling or certification, publicly accessible patent databases, and reports such as this. Interventions such as these can help to increase market demand, increase stakeholder acceptance and provide clarity to investors. • Policy makers can introduce enabling regulation to help provide clarity and de-risk the financial proposition of technologies to investors. Policy makers can reduce barriers or even provide incentives by improving planning regulation, introducing building codes to phase out fossil-powered boilers, regulating markets (e.g. by removing regulatory conflicts, creating a regulated heat and power and flexibility markets, or with decarbonisation policies), or by protecting intellectual property. New EU regulations that will be in place from 2021 requires national energy and climate plans, in which EU member states will have to establish a trajectory for the penetration of renewable energy sources in heating and cooling to 2021-2030. This will also require an assessment of the need to build new infrastructure for district heating and cooling produced from renewable sources. • Systems support involves interventions that support the growth of renewables and other infrastructure, which can be viewed as an indirect intervention for the development of TES technologies, as demand for thermal storage is likely to increase depending on the penetration of enabling infrastructure. For example, the penetration of heat pumps and hot-water tanks is seen as a key enabler for TES technologies across several sectors (buildings, industry, district heating and cooling). A long-term planning horizon is required, which can take the form of long-term power purchase agreements or “storage capacity lease” agreements. Using Jordan as an example, in 2018 a proposal was submitted for an energy storage system of 30 MW import and export power and 60 MWh useable energy capacity. Financed and managed by a private developer and structured on a long-term off-take agreement (15 years), financiers and investors could now view project financing of energy storage systems as more viable. This is due to the maturity of the energy storage system market, technology improvements, decreasing costs and a stable market of engineering, procurement and construction contractors. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 111PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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